在ACCA考試當中,“Bad debt&Doubtful debt”作為一個常考點每年基本都會出現(xiàn)在考卷里,同時同學們在碰到這個考點也會經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)問題,對此,會計網(wǎng)就通關相關的例題為大家詳細講解。
01、What is Bad debt&Doubtful debt
1. Dad debt:
If a debt is definitely irrecoverable it should be written off to statement of profit or loss as a bad debt.
對應收賬款影響:減少Trade receivable balance
2.Doubtful debt:
If a debt is possibly irrecoverable an allowance for the potential irrecoverability of that debt should be made.
分類:
1)Specific allowance:
針對某個特定客戶的壞賬準備(Particular/named individual customer)。
2)General allowance=(Trade receivable balance - Bad debt - Specific allowance)*n%
公司跟據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗確定一個Trade receivable減去Bad debt和Specific allowance后可能發(fā)生壞賬的百分比。
對應收賬款影響:不減少Trade receivable balance
02、Initial recognition
1.Bad debt:
Dr Receivable expense(SPL)
Cr Trade receivables(SOFP)
2. Specific allowance&General allowance
Dr Receivable expense(SPL)
Cr Allowance for receivables(SOFP)
03、Subsequent change in bad debt and doubtful debt
1.Initial bad debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬收回)
直接記錄收到了現(xiàn)金,抵消過去記錄的壞賬費用,不影響Trade receivable:
Dr Cash
Cr Receivable expense
2.Initial specific debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬準備收回)
1)第一步:抵消過去記錄的壞賬準備:
Dr Allowance for receivables
Cr Receivable expense
2)第二步:記錄我們收到的現(xiàn)金:
Dr Cash
Cr Trade receivables
3. Initial specific debt->Subsequent go bad(壞賬準備變成壞賬)
因為壞賬準備和壞賬都是Receivable expense且壞賬準備變成壞賬時金額沒有發(fā)生改變,所以壞賬準備變成壞賬不影響Receivable expense,也不影響Profit:
Dr Allowance for receivables
Cr Trade receivables
04、Receivable expense的計算
Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance
= Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)
05、例題
At 30 June 20X4 a company's allowance for receivables was $39,000. At 30 June 20X5 trade receivables totaled $517,000. It was decided to write off debts totaling $37,000. The allowance for receivables was to be adjusted to the equivalent of 5 per cent of the trade receivables.
What figure should appear in the statement of profit or loss for these items?
A. $61,000
B. $22,000
C. $24,000
D. $23,850
分析:題目讓求在利潤表中記錄的壞賬和壞賬準備的費用的金額,也就是求計入利潤表的Receivable expense。
Step1:
Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance
= Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)
Step2:
Bad debt題目信息直接給了=37000
Step3:
Movement in allowance = Closing allowance - Opening allowance
= (517000-37000)*5% - 39000 = -15000
Step4:
Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance = 37000-15000 = 22000
所以這道題答案選擇B。
以上就是我們壞賬和壞賬準備的內(nèi)容,重點需要大家掌握的就是:
Allowance的計算
Receivable expense的計算
壞賬收回,壞賬準備變壞賬,壞賬準備收回的會計處理
來源:ACCA學習幫
CFO EVA,LIFO,FIFO,do these professional terms of accounting and finance still seem like a foreign language to you?Can you eliminate the mystery behind the numbers of the financial statements?Or,how would you utilize those financial concepts to become a greater asset to your company?
As a business executive,you experience the tide of global change in ways few others do.And you know that to manage this tide,which will only intensify in the years ahead,you need a foundation that is at once timeless and flexible.Higher position means greater responsibility where understanding and talking the language of finance becomes a significant part of the job,executives at all levels need to be adequately equipped.
Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
Understanding the basic accounting model and its limitations
Analyzing and interpreting financial statements within the context of industry analysis and macroeconomic fundamentals
Mastering forecasting techniques
Providing rigorous tools and approaches to measure the effectiveness of your expenditures
Clarifying financial statements and their relationship to strategic decisions
Communicating more effectively with financial managers and accountants
Understanding different valuation techniques and respective benchmarks
General Managers,Directors,Experienced Managers
Vice President and Top Executives in all respective
Business Managers,Department Heads&Managers
Sales&Marketing Managers
Accountants,Corporate Treasury Managers
Investment Professionals
Any staff with a non-financial background looking to learn the fundamentals of finance
Finance Fundamental | Management Application |
-Introduction to the Course -The role of the finance function -Working with the finance teams -How companies succeed on finance? -Accounting Information—The Language of Business -What is financial accounting? -Why Financial Accounting is necessary? -Some process,terminology and concepts -Learn how financial data is generated and reported -Users and interpretation of Financial Statements -Managers and Financial Statements -The concept of shareholder value -Demystifying Financial Statements -Components of Financial Reports:balance sheet and P&L -Use financial data to evaluate the performance of department,organization,or division -Understand how accountants measure income,and show how it is related to a balance sheet -Cost of goods sold -The accrual concept and timing adjustments -Financial statements:graphical balance sheet simulation -Revisit the Income Statement and Balance sheet in a financial perspective -Cash Flow Statement,Distinguishing income from cash flow -The shortcomings of accounting -Implications of Revenue Recognition -Know effects of fair value measurement on financial statement -Analysis of Financial Statement—Where do you find useful information? -Qualitative Characteristics of financial Information -Locate and use sources of information about business performance -How accounting information assists in decision making -Linking decisions to financial metrics -How to increase ROCE -Profitability ratios -Economic Value Added(EVA TM) -Financial Decision Making -Profitability,liquidity ratios -Managing working capital -Financial Leverage -Debt ratios -Measuring business risk -Cash management -Study of the Annual Report of a Listed Company -Case:analyzing and interpreting a listed company’s annual report -Accounting Creates Value -Functions of management accounting -Management accounting compared to financial accounting -How the use of cost information defines its focus and form -Break-even analysis:ensuring fixed costs are covered -The costing principles and avoiding costing traps -The difference between traditional cost management systems and activity-based cost management systems
| -Budgeting and Forecasting:A Must in Pricing Effectively for Profit.Selecting the Best Costing Method and the Relevant Practical Pricing Theory -Budgeting and Forecasting:Two sides of the same process -Understanding the different steps involved in the process -How to minimize the risks in assessing the hypothesis underlying the performance -The cost information for pricing and product planning -Cost based pricing:a value-added approach -Customers:an outside in pricing -Competitors:predict their price -How to price effectively for profit,evaluating pricing methods -Case Study -Capital Investment Decision:Cash is King! -Cash flow forecasts as a planning tool -EBITDA,free cash flows -The analysis of return of capital employed,payback period,and discounted cash flow -Establishing cash flow forecasts -Calculating Net Present Values,IRR -Company Valuation:Risk and Corporate Characteristics -The fundamental tools of investment appraisal -The cost of capital and WACC,and how these are determined -The sensitivity analysis:how sensitive are key decision to potential changes in circumstances -Approaches to valuation -Capital Markets,Investment Banking and Financial Instruments:How to Face Your Long-term Financing Issues and More? -An introduction to capital markets -Different forms of financing(long term,short term) -Debt versus Equity -Gearing and beta factors -Capital Asset Pricing Models -Tax shields -Investing in China through Mergers or Acquisitions:Financial Business Practices and Managing the Related Risks -An Overview of the M&A market in China -Understanding the valuation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the structuring gap by the buyer -Understanding the negotiation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the execution gap -Understanding the challenges of the integration gap -Taking into account the Human dimension of any merger or acquisition |
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ACCA考試科目一共有15門,其中F2為《管理會計》,這門科目的主要內(nèi)容是關于管理會計體系的主要元素和管理會計的作用,其中涉及較多的知識點多且雜,如管理會計,管理信息,成本會計等,考試難點較多,F(xiàn)2《管理會計》重點難點資料,具體如下:
1.Target cost=target selling price–target profit=market price–desired profit margin.
2.cost gap=estimated cost–target cost.
3.TQM:
①preventing costs
?、赼ppraisal costs
?、踚nternal failure costs
?、躤xternal failure cost
4.Alternative costing principle:
①ABC(activity based costing)
?、赥arget costing
③Life cycle
?、躎QM
8.Time series:
①trend
?、趕easonal variation:⑴加法模型sum to zero;⑵乘法模型sum to 4
③cyclical variation
?、躵andom variation
9.pricipal budget factor關鍵預算因子:be limited the activities
10.budget purpose:
①communication
?、赾oordination
③compel the plan
?、躮otivative employees
⑤resource allocation
11.Budget committee的功能:①coordinated②administration
12.Budget:①function budget②master budget:1.P&L;2.B/S;3.Cash Flow
13.Fixed Budget:不是在于固不固定,而是基于一個業(yè)務量的考慮,financail expression.
Flexible Budget:包含了固定成本和變動成本,并且變動成本的變化是隨著業(yè)務量的變化而改變。
14.Flexible Budget的優(yōu)點:
?、賠ecognize different cost behavior.
②improve quality and a comparison of like with like
?、踙elp managers to forecast cost,revenue and profit.
15.Flexible Budget的缺點:
①假設太簡單。
?、谛枰嗟臅r間準備預算編制。
16.Controllable cost is a“cost which can be influenced by”its budget holder.大部分的變動成本是可控的,non-controllable cost為inflation.
17.Budget Behavior:
?、賞articipate approach
②imposed budget
18.payback投資回收期的缺點:
?、賗gnore profitability
②the time value of money is ignored
?、蹧]有考慮項目后期帶來的經(jīng)濟利益
④arbitray武斷
19.payback投資回收期的優(yōu)點:
?、賓asy to calculate
②widely use
?、踡inimize the effect of the risk and help liqidity
★如果在算投資回收期的時候,發(fā)生折舊,則需要加回折舊,因為折舊是非現(xiàn)金項目。
20.(1+real interst rate)*(1+inflation rate)=(1+nominal interest rate)
21.NPV=present value of future net cash flow–present value of initial cost
22.永續(xù)年金=A/i
23.每年的匯報是相同的就查看年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù)表,不同的就查看年金系數(shù)表。
24.EAR=CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n–1有效年利率
25.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)
?、買RR>cost of capital,NPV>0,worth taking
②IRR<cost of capital,NPV<0,not worthwhile.
26.ARR=average profit/average investment(ARR是基于profit)
Average investment=(initial investment–residual value)/2
27.type of standard:
?、賐asic standard
②current standard
?、踚deal standard
?、躠ttainable standard
28.Variance
?、馦aterial Variance
⑴total material variance=standard cost–actual cost
?、苖aterial price variance=(standard price–actual price)*actual quantity
⑶material usage variance=(standard usage of actual output-actual usage)*standard price.
?、駾irect Labor Variance
⑴standard pay–actual pay
?、芁abor rate variances=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs of actual output
⑶Labor efficiency variances=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
?、骎ariable production overhead variances
⑴Total variable O.H.variance=standard cost–actual cost
?、芕ariable O.H.expenditure variance=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs
?、荲ariable O.H.efficiency variance=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
?、鬎ixed O.H.expenditure variance
⑴Fixed O.H.Expenditure variance=budget expenditure–actual expenditure
?、艶ixed O.H.volume=(actual output-budgeted volume)*standard hrs per unit*standard rate per hr.
?、荂apacity variance=(actual hrs worked–budgeted hrs worked)*standard rate per hr
⑷Efficiency variance=(standard hrs worked for actual output–actual hrs worked)*standard rate per hr⑴+⑵:Fixed O.H.total variance=fixed O.H.absorbed–actual expenditure
?、鮏ales variance
⑴Sales price variances=(actual price–budget price)*actual sales units
?、芐ales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard profit per unit
(absorption)
⑶Sales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard CPU(marginal costing)
?、鯥dle time variances
Idle time variance=(expected idle time–actual idle time)*adjusted hr rate
29.The elements of a mission statement including:
?、貾urpose
?、赟trategy
③Policies and standards of behavior
?、躒alues and culture
30.A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitive success.
31.Profitability ratios
①Return on capital employed(ROCE)
=profit before interest and tax/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
?、赗eturn on equity(ROE)=profit after tax/shareholders’funds×100%
③Asset turnover=sales/capital employed×100%
=sales/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
?、躊rofit margin=profit before interest and tax/sales×100%
Profit margin×asset turnover=ROCE
32.Debt and gearing ratios
①Debt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities/total equity×100%
?、贗nterest cover=PBIT/Interest×100%
33.Liquidity ratios
①Current ratio=current assets/current liabilities
?、赒uick ratio(acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory/current liabilities
34.Working capital ratios
?、買nventory days=average inventory*365/cost of sales
?、赗eceivables days=average trade receivables*365/sales
③Payables days=average trade payables*365/cost of sales(or purchases)
35.Non-financial performance measures
Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.
?、費arket share
?、贗nnovation
?、跥rowth
?、躊roductivity
⑤Quality
?、轘ocial aspects
36.The balanced scorecard:
①financial perspective
?、趀xternal perspective
?、踓ustomer perspective
?、躭earning and innovation perspective
37.Benchmarking:
①Internal benchmarking
?、贑ompetitive benchmarking
?、跢unctional benchmarking
?、躍trategic benchmarking
38.Value analysis is a planned,scientific approach to cost reduction,which reviews the material composition of a product and the product's design so that modifications and improvements can be made which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.
39.Four aspects of'value'should be considered:
?、貱ost value
②Exchange value
?、踀tility value
④Esteem value
40.ROI=PBIT/capital employed*100%
Widely used and accepted;As a relative measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of different sizes.
41.RI=PBIT-Imputed interest*capital employed.
Possible to use different rates of interest for different types of assets;Cost of finance is being considered.
acca的f7科目中文名稱為《(FR)財務報告》,屬于有一定難度的階段,通過率在50%左右。這門課程涵蓋了復雜的財務報表和會計準則,需要學生具備扎實的會計知識和技能。
f7科目屬于第二階段,是f3的擴展和深化。這一門課核心內(nèi)容主要是關于企業(yè)財務工作報告的編制,包括學生獨立公司和集團有限公司的財務會計信息技術報告。也就是一個大家比較頭疼的個別財務報表和合并財務報表。最后,對財務報告中的信息系統(tǒng)進行研究分析和解釋。
acca的f7科目的考試時間為10分鐘的考試說明閱讀時間加上3小時的答題時間,合計為3小時10分鐘。
1、Section A(共30分。共15道題,每道題2分):單選、多選、判斷、填空、拖拽匹配題、熱點題、下拉菜單題
2.B節(jié)(共30分)。案例問題3個,每個案例下有5個客觀問題,共15個問題,每個問題2分):問題類型包括:拖動匹配問題、單選、多項選擇、判斷、填空、熱題、下拉菜單問題
3.c部分(40分,2道題,每道20分):2道案例分析題
額外10分的種子題,隨機分配在Section A五個獨立進行客觀分析題中,或Section B圍繞一個單一問題情境可以設置的五個客觀主義題中。
acca的f7科目考試會考到的部分知識點如下:
1.Asset:as a result of past events;controlled by the entity
Liability:a present obligation
Equity:the residue interest.
2.Measurement bases:
Historical cost:歷史成本法,購買時的價錢
Fair value:公允價值,在市場中的價錢
Value in use:使用價值(將來幾年的折現(xiàn))
Current cost:重置成本(購買一個全新資產(chǎn)的價值)
3.IASB conceptual framework
1).underlying assumption:going concern(>12 months)
2).Fundamental qualitative characteristics:
relevance(materiality);faithful representation(substance and economic reality)
3).Enhancing qualitative;comparability;verifiability;timeliness.
4.Regulatory framework:
IFRS:監(jiān)管
IASB:制定準則,負責相關準則的issue,revise
IFRC IC:解釋委員會
IFRC AC:咨詢委員會
5.Principle-based framework:judgement
Rule-based framework:detailed regulations
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acca的f7科目??脊剑篖iquidity
Current ratio=current asset÷current liability
Quick ratio=(Debtors+investments+cash)÷current liability
acca的f7科目??脊剑篖ong-term solvency
Debt ratio=total debts÷equity×100%
Gearing ratio=Fixed return capital,preference shares,debentures,loan stock÷Equity capital and reserves
OR=Debt÷Debt+Equity
Interest cover=PBIT÷interest charges
acca的f7科目常考公式:Working capital analysis
Inventory turnover=Cost of sales÷Average inventory
OR=Average inventory÷Cost of sales×365
Receivable days=Average trade receivable÷credit sales×365
Payable days=Average trade payables÷Credit purchases×365
acca的f7科目??脊剑篒nvestment ratios
Dividend yield=Dividend per share÷Current market price per share
Dividend cover=EPS÷dividend per share
Price/earnings(PE)ratio=Current market price per share÷EPS
acca的f7科目常考公式:Profitability and return
Return on(total)capital employed(ROCE)=Profit before interest and tax÷(Share capital+reserves+debt)×100
Gross profit percentage=Gross profit÷Sales×100
Overheads/sales percentage=Overheads÷Sales×100
Asset turnover=Turnover÷capital employed
Gross profit margin=Gross Profit÷Revenue×100
2024年cfa一級考綱匯總!詳細內(nèi)容變化速看!考綱是CFA考試知識點的概括。今天,小編將2024年CFA一級新考綱新增和調(diào)改的內(nèi)容進行了梳理總結(jié)詳細更新內(nèi)容變化速看!
Quantitative Methods
1)Learning Module 1 Rates and Returns
2)Learning Module 2 Time Value of Money in Finance
3)Learning Module 3 Statistical Measures of Asset Returns
4)Learning Module 4 Probability Trees and Conditional Expectations
5)Learning Module 5 Portfolio Mathematics
6)Learning Module 6 Simulation Methods
7)Learning Module 7 Estimation and Inference
8)Learning Module 8 Hypothesis Testing
9)Learning Module 9 Parametric and Non Parametric Tests of Independence
10)Learning Module 10 Simple Linear Regression
11)Learning Module 11 Introduction to Big Data Techniques
解讀:2024年的數(shù)量內(nèi)容有重大調(diào)整!
1)將原來的7章內(nèi)容拆分成11章。
2)新增第1章Rates and Returns。
3)2024年的第2章Time Value of Money in Finance與2023年的第1章The Time Value of Money有一定類似之處,但刪減了大量內(nèi)容。
4)2023年的第2章Organizing,Visualizing,and Describing Data予以刪除。
5)2024年新增第11章Introduction to Big Data Techniques。
6)其它章節(jié)名稱更新,大部分知識點2023考綱中均有涉獵,但2024年考綱要求發(fā)生一定變化和調(diào)整。
Economics
1)Learning Module 1 The Firm and Market Structures
2)Learning Module 2 Understanding Business Cycles
3)Learning Module 3 Fiscal Policy
4)Learning Module 4 Monetary Policy
5)Learning Module 5 Introduction to Geopolitics
6)Learning Module 6 International Trade
7)Learning Module 7 Capital Flows and the FX Market
8)Learning Module 8 Exchange Rate Calculations
解讀:2024年的經(jīng)濟學內(nèi)容有重大調(diào)整!
1)2023年的第1章Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis被刪除
2)2023年的第3章Aggregate Output,Prices,and Economic Growth被刪除
3)2024年相比2023年保留的章節(jié)考綱要求也發(fā)生了調(diào)整,多數(shù)為考綱的刪減
4)2024年的第8章Exchange Rate Calculations只保留了匯率計算相關內(nèi)容,定性相關知識點均被刪除。
Portfolio Management
1)Portfolio Risk and Return:PartⅠ
2)Portfolio Risk and Return:PartⅡ
3)Portfolio management overview
4)Basic of Portfolio Planning and Construction
5)The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
6)Introduction to Risk Management
解讀:2024年的組合內(nèi)容有重大調(diào)整!
1)2023年的第7章Technical Analysis被刪除
2)2023年的第8章Fintech in Investment Management被刪除
3)Portfolio management overview由原來的Module 1調(diào)整為Module 3。
Corporate Issuers
1)Organizational Forms,Corporate Issuer Features,and Ownership
2)Investors and Other Stakeholders
3)Corporate Governance:Conflicts,Mechanisms,Risks,and Benefits
4)Working Capital&Liquidity
5)Capital Investments and Capital Allocation
6)Capital Structure
7)Business Models
解讀:2024年的企業(yè)發(fā)行人內(nèi)容變動較大!
1)2023年的原有的第8章Measures of Leverage被刪除
2)其余章節(jié)名稱、順序變化,考綱要求也發(fā)生了重大調(diào)整。
Financial Statement Analysis
1)Learning Module 1 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
2)Learning Module 2 Analyzing Income Statements Learning Module 3 Analyzing Balance Sheets
3)Learning Module 4 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I
4)Learning Module 5 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II
5)Learning Module 6 Analysis of Inventories
6)Learning Module 7 Analysis of Long-Term Assets Learning Module 8 Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity
7)Learning Module 9 Analysis of Income Taxes
8)Learning Module 10 Financial Reporting Quality Learning Module 11 Financial Analysis Techniques
9)Learning Module 12 Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling
解讀:2024年的財報內(nèi)容變動較大,除新增第12章外,刪除兩個章節(jié),拆分一個章節(jié),保留章節(jié)考綱要求也發(fā)生一定調(diào)整。
1)刪除原有的Module 2和Module 12,新增第12章Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling;
2)Learning Module 5 Understanding Cash Flow Statements拆分為兩個章節(jié)Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I和Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II;
3)Learning Module 6 Financial Analysis Techniques調(diào)整為Module 11
4)保留的章節(jié)名稱發(fā)生變化,考綱要求也發(fā)生了較大變化。
Equity Investments
1)Market Organization and Structure
2)Security Market Indexes
3)Market Efficiency
4)Overview of Equity Securities
5)Company Analysis:Past and Present
6)Industry and Competitive Analysis
7)Company Analysis:Forecasting
8)Equity Valuation:Concept and Basic Tool
解讀:2024年的權益內(nèi)容變動主要為新增,新增第5和7章外,其余章節(jié)的順序做了調(diào)整,內(nèi)容無重大變更。
Fixed Income
1)Fixed-Income Instrument Features
2)Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types
3)Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading
4)Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers
5)Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers
6)Fixed-Income Bond Valuation:Prices and Yields Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds
7)Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments
8)The Term Structure of Interest Rates:Spot,Par,and Forward Curves
9)Interest Rate Risk and Return
10)Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties
11)Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties
12)Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures
13)Credit Risk
14)Credit Analysis for Government Issuers
15)Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers
16)Fixed-Income Securitization
17)Asset-Backed Security(ABS)Instrument and Market Features
18)Mortgage-Backed Security(MBS)Instrument and Market Features
解讀:2024年的固收將原來的6章內(nèi)容拆分成19章,變化幅度較大,知識點做了細化拆分和調(diào)整。
Alternative Investments
1)Alternative Investment Features,Methods,and Structures
2)Alternative Investment Performance and Returns Investments in Private Capital:Equity and Debt
3)Real Estate and Infrastructure
4)Natural Resources
5)Hedge Funds
6)Introduction to Digital Assets
解讀:2024年的另類將原來的3章內(nèi)容變化為7章,知識點做了細化處理,除新增第7章外,其余內(nèi)容主要為原有章節(jié)拆分。
在ACCA考試中,很多同學在學習FM科目考點內(nèi)容時會遇到不少問題,對此,會計網(wǎng)整理了大家提出的常見問題,并一一進行詳細解答。
問題1
Q:為什么有的時候做題,我們折現(xiàn)用的是cost of debt before tax,而有的時候用Kdat,即cost of debt after tax。
A:這個問題,是同學在備考中經(jīng)常見到的,大部分同學在做債券練習的時候都會遇到折現(xiàn)率的選擇,題目一般會給到我們兩個折現(xiàn)率,一個是稅前折現(xiàn)率,一個是稅后折現(xiàn)率,大部分同學都知道利息是可以抵稅的,所以會降低債務本身的cost,需要用Kdat來進行計算。這個思路是基本正確的,但是還是需要注意如下幾個小點。
同學們需要看清題目中要求我們計算的是cost of debt,還是market value of securities。這步非常重要,因為關系到我們在計算是需要站在的角度。
a) 如果題目要求我們計算的是cost of debt,那就默認我們站在了公司的角度,對于公司支付債券的利息,公司是可以用來抵稅的,所以會抵減債券本身的cost,所以我們需要用Kdat來計算債券真實的cost of capital
b) 如果題目要求我們計算的是market value of debt,那就默認我們站在了投資者的角度,對于投資者收到的利息,投資者不能拿來抵稅,所以我們需要用cost of debt,不用Kdat,來對未來的現(xiàn)金流,即本金和利息貼現(xiàn),從而算出債券現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)值。
問題2
Q:在計算現(xiàn)金流現(xiàn)值時,我們折現(xiàn)率的選擇什么時候用nominal rate,什么時候用real term rate。
A:對于這個問題,我們先要來看一下如何計算現(xiàn)金流的現(xiàn)值。分子我們用的是未來要收到或者支付的現(xiàn)金流金額,分母我們用的是折現(xiàn)率。在選擇時,我們要遵守一個規(guī)則,折現(xiàn)率的選擇要和現(xiàn)金流一致。
a) 如果分子的現(xiàn)金流用的是實際現(xiàn)金流,即沒有考慮通貨膨脹,那么我們的折現(xiàn)率就需要用real term discount factor,即也不考慮通貨膨脹。
b) 如果分子的現(xiàn)金流用的是名義現(xiàn)金流,即調(diào)整過了通貨膨脹,那么我們的折現(xiàn)率就需要用nominal discount factor。
還有一點需要注意的是,考試的時候有可能會給到一個real rate和inflation rate,需要我們自己去算出nominal rate,這個時候就需要用到我們的費雪公式了。即(1+real rate)(1+inflation rate)= 1+nominal rate,將數(shù)據(jù)代入公式計算即可算出考慮了通貨膨脹后的折現(xiàn)率。
問題3
Cost of debt究竟要怎樣計算?
我們首先需要搞清有幾種類型的債券,針對不同類型的債券,需要用不同的計算方法。
1)cost of redeemable debt 對于可贖回債券,我們通常用的方法就是IRR內(nèi)含報酬率的方法,可以選取5%和10%的折現(xiàn)率,算出債券的IRR,需要注意的是此時算出來的IRR已經(jīng)是after tax,不需要再去做調(diào)整。
2)cost of irredeemable debt 對于不可贖回債券,就相當于公司未來一直會支付一筆永續(xù)的利息,所以和計算cost of preference share的方法大致相同,把每年收到的利息除以debt的市場價值,就可以算出kd before tax,接下來做一步稅后處理,即可得到Kdat了
3)cost of bank loan 銀行債券的資本成本處理最為簡單,只要用題目中給到的interest rate*(1 - tax)即可。
4)cost of convertible loan note 可轉(zhuǎn)換債券的融資成本計算方式大致和可贖回債券相同,但是需要確認最后一筆本金的金額。我們會拿股票在轉(zhuǎn)換日的價格*可轉(zhuǎn)換的數(shù)量和贖回的本金對比,選取高的值,作為最后一期收回的金額。接下來用IRR處理即可。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA(FA)科目里,財務指標的計算一直都是??嫉闹匾键c之一,通過學習該考點內(nèi)容,考生也可以全面的去分析一家企業(yè)經(jīng)營狀況。接下來會計網(wǎng)今天就跟大家詳解這個常考點。
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標有:
Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說當公司的銷售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒有發(fā)生變化,這時就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒有隨著銷售收入的增加而變大。
Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營利潤率不僅衡量了一個公司的銷售貨物或者提供服務產(chǎn)生的利潤率,同時也衡量了這個公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營利潤率也會因為其operating expense的變化而改變。
ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤率有時候是沒有可比性的,因為公司規(guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤率要大于小公司的利潤率,所以一家大公司的利潤率是不能與一家小公司的利潤率進行直接的對比;
ROCE衡量的是一個公司資本的回報率,即每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤,這里財務指標同時也衡量了這個公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報的投資項目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營效率的指標有:
Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來考慮一個問題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購買一個固定資產(chǎn),會對ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會變?。哼@是由于assets的增加,會使得分母變大,assets的增加會導致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時間內(nèi)不會因為產(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營情況的惡化。
Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個指標衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷售出去,這個值應該是越小越好。
Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個指標是用于計算企業(yè)從賒銷貨物到收到錢這個過程所花費的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個指標是用于計算公司的的信用期間,越長就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動性的指標:
Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動性比率越大,說明這個公司的流動性越好
Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動比率的基礎上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構的指標:
Gearing:Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對于發(fā)行股票是一種風險比較高的融資方式,因為發(fā)債會有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無法償還相應的本金或者利息,就會使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時分險也被放大。
05、例題
下面來分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價上漲的情況下,采用先進先出法下的closing inventory的價值會大于采用加權平均法下closing inventory的價值,所以對于inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會變大。 Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會變大 Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會有一些同學產(chǎn)生疑問,inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會受到影響呢?
這是因為算quick ratio時已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無論inventory變大變小都不會對quick ratio有影響。
換句話說,current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無關。 b. Jessie Co has a 31 July 20X3 year end. On 31 July 20X3 issues 7% redeemable preference repayable in ten years' time.What is the effect of this on the return on capital employed (ROCE) and gearing ratio (debt/capital employed) for year ended 31 July 20X3? redeemable preference share可贖回優(yōu)先股是作為一個Non-current liability處理的。
ROCE=Profit before tax and interest/capital employed (equity + NCL),分子不變,分母增加,導致ROCE變小。
有的同學會問:發(fā)放優(yōu)先股難道所有者權益不增加嗎?
優(yōu)先股可分為可贖回和不可贖回優(yōu)先股。
不可贖回優(yōu)先股,作為公司equity來對待;
可贖回優(yōu)先股,說明股東有權利將股票贖回,也就是公司無法避免未來可能會發(fā)生cash out to pay these redeemable preference shares,那么既然無法避免,出于謹慎性原則,就將其記錄為負債。 謝謝大家,今天的講解到此結(jié)束,祝大家備考順利!
來源:ACCA學習幫
Great changes will take place in 2012 for IFRS,in this critical year,what key milestones can help you to ensure you will be well prepared for filing your first interim IFRS financial statements 2011 will be discussed in this training.
In the context of increasing global usage of IFRS and expected convergence of PRC GAAP with IFRS over the coming years,we will discuss both the current differences between PRC GAAP and IFRS as well as highlighting some of the developments in IFRS that are currently under discussion.This training is appropriate for both the novice in IFRS financial reporting who needs to be up-to-date quickly,and the veteran financial professional who is looking for a refresher course which including current issues and projects.In this course we will highlight IFRS VS PRC GAAP with details to help you on applying these two standards into your real business.
Understanding that accounting standards are not just a matter for specialists
Cementing your knowledge of IFRS with hands-on case studies and examples
Recognizing and going beyond the difference between IFRS and Chinese GAAP
Technical analysis and discussion on the latest strategic updates and future direction of IFRS
Implementing IFRS accounting for assets,liabilities and owners equity
Revisiting basic concepts such as lease accounting,impairment,fair value,revenue recognition,contingencies,financial instruments,business combinations…
Providing recent updates and their consequences including IFRS for small and medium-sized entities
Guidance on the challenges to face when first time adoption or implementing new/or some specific standards
CFO/CEO/CIO
Finance Director/Manager/Controller
Auditing Manager
Accounting Manager
Investment/Financial/Equity Analysts
Day 1
A.Introduction to IFRS
-Latest Developments at the IASB
-Convergence with US GAAP
-Convergence with Chinese GAAP
-IFRS–a principle based framework of accounting
-Summary of IFRS 2009-2011 updates
-IFRS and fair value considerations,IFRS 13 Fair value measurement
B.Assets
-Current assets,IAS 2 Inventories/CAS 1 Inventories
-Tangible fixed assets,IAS 16 Property,Plant and Equipment/CAS 4 Property,Plant and Equipment
-Current update of lease accounting,IAS 17 Leases;ED/2010/9 Leases/CAS 21 Leasing
-Intangible assets–intellectual property and development costs,IAS 38 Intangible assets/CAS 6 Intangible assets
-Borrowing costs,IAS 23 Borrowing costs/CAS 17 Borrowing costs
-Impairment,IAS 36 Impairment of assets/CAS 8 Impairment of assets
C.Liabilities
-Contingencies,IAS 37 Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets/CAS,13 Contingencies
-Retirement benefits,IAS 19 Employee Benefits/CAS 9 Employee Benefits
-Update of financial instruments and hedge accounting,IFRS 7 Financial Instruments:Disclosures/CAS 37 Financial,Instruments:Presentation and Disclosures,IFRS 9 Financial Instruments/CAS 12 Debt restructuring;CAS 22 Financial Instruments:Recognition and Measurement,CAS 23 Transfer of Financial Assets;CAS 24 Hedging
D.Income and expenditure
-Revenue recognition,IAS 11 Construction contracts/CAS 15 Construction contracts,IAS 18 Revenue;ED/2010/6 Revenue from contracts with,customers/CAS 14 Revenue
-Taxes,IAS 12 Income Taxes/CAS 18 Income Taxes
-Other Income statement topics,IAS 20 Accounting for Government grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance/CAS 16 Government Grants,IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates/CAS 19 Foreign Currency Translation,IFRS 2 Shared-based Payment/CAS 11 Share-based payment,IFRS 8 Operating Segments/CAS 35 Segmental Reporting
Day 2
E.Consolidation and business combinations
-What constitutes a business combinations,IFRS 3 Business combinations/CAS 20 Business combinations
-Inclusion of investments with differing levels of control,IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statements/CAS 33,Consolidated financial statements,IFRS 11 Joint arrangements/CAS 2 Long term equity investments,IFRS 12 Disclosure of interest in other entities
F.Financial statements and first time adoption
-Disclosure requirements,IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements/CAS 30 Presentation of financial statements,IAS 7 Statements of cash-flows/CAS 31 Cash flow statements,IAS 8 Accounting policies,changes in accounting estimates and errors/CAS 28 Changes in accounting policies and estimates and correction of errors,IAS 10 Events after the reporting
period/CAS 29 Events after the balance sheet date,IAS 24 Related party disclosures/CAS 36 Related party disclosures,IAS 33 Earnings per share/CAS 34 Earnings per share,IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting/CAS 32 Interim financial reporting,IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
-First time application issues,IFRS 1 First-time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards/CAS 38 First Time Adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises
G.Summary of ASBE/CAS/IFRS differences
-Recap the differences between old and new Chinese GAAP with IFRS
H.IFRS for SMEs(Small and Medium Sized Enterprises)
-To whom does it apply?
-Differences Between“Full”IFRS and“IFRS for SMEs”
想了解詳細課程資料,點擊網(wǎng)頁的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流。
長期股權投資(Long-term investment on stocks)是指通過投資取得被投資單位的股份。企業(yè)對其他單位的股權投資,通常視為長期持有,以及通過股權投資達到控制被投資單位,或?qū)Ρ煌顿Y單位施加重大影響,或為了與被投資單位建立密切關系,以分散經(jīng)營風險。
特點
一、長期持有
長期股權投資目的是為長期持有被投資單位的股份,成為被投資單位的股東,并通過所持有的股份,對被投資單位實施控制或施加重大影響,或為了改善和鞏固貿(mào)易關系,或持有不易變現(xiàn)的長期股權投資等。
二、利險并存
獲取經(jīng)濟利益,并承擔相應的風險。
長期股權投資的最終目標是為了獲得較大的經(jīng)濟利益,這種經(jīng)濟利益可以通過分得利潤或股利獲取,也可以通過其他方式取得,如被投資單位生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品為投資企業(yè)生產(chǎn)所需的原材料,在市場上這種原材料的價格波動較大,且不能保證供應。在這種情況下,投資企業(yè)通過所持股份,達到控制或?qū)Ρ煌顿Y單位施加重大影響,使其生產(chǎn)所需的原材料能夠直接從被投資單位取得,而且價格比較穩(wěn)定,保證其生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的順利進行。但是,如果被投資單位經(jīng)營狀況不佳,或者進行破產(chǎn)清算時,投資企業(yè)作為股東,也需要承擔相應的投資損失。
三、禁止出售
除股票投資外,長期股權投資通常不能隨時出售。
投資企業(yè)一旦成為被投資單位的股東,依所持股份份額享有股東的權利并承擔相應的義務,一般情況下不能隨意抽回投資。
四、風險較大
長期股權投資相對于長期債權投資而言,投資風險較大
在中國,長期股權投資的取得方式主要有:
1.企業(yè)合并形成的長期股權投資,應區(qū)分企業(yè)合并的類型,分別同一控制下控股合并和非同一控制下控股合并確定形成長期股權投資的成本。
2.以支付現(xiàn)金取得的長期股權投資,應當按照實際支付的購買價款作為長期股權投資的初始投資成本,包括購買過程中支付的手續(xù)費等必要支出。
3.以發(fā)行權益性證券方式取得的長期股權投資,其成本為所發(fā)行權益性證券的公允價值。
4.投資者投入的長期股權投資,應當按照投資合同或協(xié)議約定的價值作為初始投資成本,但合同或協(xié)議約定價值不公允的除外。
5.以非貨幣性資產(chǎn)交換、債務重組等方式取得的長期股權投資。
PMP考試題型只有單項選擇題,四選一,沒有多選題、簡單題、判斷題、問答題或論文等。一共180道選擇題:單選(170道)+多選(10道左右)。
PMP考試語言是中英文對照,英文在上,中文在下。
PMP考試題目是什么樣的?
PMP考試題目分A、B卷,內(nèi)容完全一樣,但是題目順序不一樣,這樣保證前后左右考生的題目順序是不一樣的,防止作弊。題目數(shù)量為200道,全部為單選題,答案選ABCD中的一個字母。
PMP考試試題樣題:
The benefits of a quality control program include:
A、reduced short term costs
B、increased long term costs
C、able to make acceptance decisions
D、a loss in competitiveness
質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)的好處包括:
A、減少短期的成本
B、增加長期的成本
C、可以進行驗收決策
D、失去競爭力
參考答案:C
PMP考試形式與考試時長
PMP考試形式如下:
大陸采用填涂答題卡筆試的形式,港澳采用機考。
PMP考試時長為230分鐘。
PMP考試教材有哪些?
PMP考試教材包括:《PMBOK指南》第六版50%+《敏捷實踐指南》50%。
PMP考試成績多久出來?
PMP考試成績一般考后4~6周出來,屆時可以在PMI官網(wǎng)查詢成績,成績出來PMI也會及時用郵件通知。
要注意的是:所有考生的成績是分批次出的,出成績的時間會持續(xù)一周,所以沒有及時查看到自己成績的學員也不用著急,畢竟現(xiàn)在參考人數(shù)逐年上漲,這么多學員的成績也不可能同時公布。
一般情況下,PMP考試結(jié)束后的4周左右,PMI會公布中國大陸區(qū)的PMP考試成績。
成功通過PMP考試的考生,會在郵箱中收到郵件標題為:Congratulations,you have obtained PMP的郵件。
假設運氣不好,PMP考試沒有過,在PMI網(wǎng)站,myPMI頁面,在Dashboard右側(cè),看到狀態(tài)是:
Application Status
PMP:Please submit payment for your credential
在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)A科目涉及比較多與財會相關的專業(yè)知識,并且要求大家掌握財務指標的計算方法,了解財務指標之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,解釋每個財務指標所代表的含義,從而用這些指標來解讀報表,分析一家企業(yè)的經(jīng)營狀況。今天,會計網(wǎng)就跟大家詳解這些考點內(nèi)容。
一家公司的報表可以從四個維度來分析:
①企業(yè)的盈利能力
?、谄髽I(yè)的流動性
③企業(yè)的經(jīng)營能力
?、芷髽I(yè)的資本結(jié)構
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標有:
Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說當公司的銷售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒有發(fā)生變化,這時就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒有隨著銷售收入的增加而變大。
Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營利潤率不僅衡量了一個公司的銷售貨物或者提供服務產(chǎn)生的利潤率,同時也衡量了這個公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營利潤率也會因為其operating expense的變化而改變。
ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤率有時候是沒有可比性的,因為公司規(guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤率要大于小公司的利潤率,所以一家大公司的利潤率是不能與一家小公司的利潤率進行直接的對比;
ROCE衡量的是一個公司資本的回報率,即每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤,這里財務指標同時也衡量了這個公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報的投資項目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營效率的指標有:
Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來考慮一個問題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購買一個固定資產(chǎn),會對ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會變小:這是由于assets的增加,會使得分母變大,assets的增加會導致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時間內(nèi)不會因為產(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營情況的惡化。
Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個指標衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷售出去,這個值應該是越小越好。
Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個指標是用于計算企業(yè)從賒銷貨物到收到錢這個過程所花費的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個指標是用于計算公司的的信用期間,越長就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動性的指標:
Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動性比率越大,說明這個公司的流動性越好
Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動比率的基礎上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構的指標:
Gearing:Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對于發(fā)行股票是一種風險比較高的融資方式,因為發(fā)債會有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無法償還相應的本金或者利息,就會使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時分險也被放大。
05、例題
下面來分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價上漲的情況下,采用先進先出法下的closing inventory的價值會大于采用加權平均法下closing inventory的價值,所以對于
inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會變大。
Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會變大
Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會有一些同學產(chǎn)生疑問,inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會受到影響呢?
這是因為算quick ratio時已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無論inventory變大變小都不會對quick ratio有影響。
換句話說,current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無關。
b. Jessie Co has a 31 July 20X3 year end. On 31 July 20X3 issues 7% redeemable preference repayable in ten years' time.What is the effect of this on the return on capital employed (ROCE) and gearing ratio (debt/capital employed) for year ended 31 July 20X3? redeemable preference share可贖回優(yōu)先股是作為一個Non-current liability處理的。
ROCE=Profit before tax and interest/capital employed (equity + NCL),分子不變,分母增加,導致ROCE變小。
有的同學會問:發(fā)放優(yōu)先股難道所有者權益不增加嗎?
優(yōu)先股可分為可贖回和不可贖回優(yōu)先股。
不可贖回優(yōu)先股,作為公司equity來對待;
可贖回優(yōu)先股,說明股東有權利將股票贖回,也就是公司無法避免未來可能會發(fā)生cash out to pay these redeemable preference shares,那么既然無法避免,出于謹慎性原則,就將其記錄為負債。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)A科目掌握財務指標的計算方法,了解財務指標之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,解釋每個財務指標所代表的含義,都是教材課本比較重要的考點內(nèi)容,對此,會計網(wǎng)今天就為大家著重講解下這部分知識點內(nèi)容。
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標有:
?Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說當公司的銷售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒有發(fā)生變化,這時就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒有隨著銷售收入的增加而變大。
?Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營利潤率不僅衡量了一個公司的銷售貨物或者提供服務產(chǎn)生的利潤率,同時也衡量了這個公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營利潤率也會因為其operating expense的變化而改變。
?ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤率有時候是沒有可比性的,因為公司規(guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤率要大于小公司的利潤率,所以一家大公司的利潤率是不能與一家小公司的利潤率進行直接的對比;
ROCE衡量的是一個公司資本的回報率,即每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤,這里財務指標同時也衡量了這個公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報的投資項目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營效率的指標有:
?Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來考慮一個問題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購買一個固定資產(chǎn),會對ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會變?。哼@是由于assets的增加,會使得分母變大,assets的增加會導致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時間內(nèi)不會因為產(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營情況的惡化。
?Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個指標衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷售出去,這個值應該是越小越好。
?Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個指標是用于計算企業(yè)從賒銷貨物到收到錢這個過程所花費的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
?Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個指標是用于計算公司的的信用期間,越長就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動性的指標:
?Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動性比率越大,說明這個公司的流動性越好
?Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動比率的基礎上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構的指標:
Gearing:?Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
?Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對于發(fā)行股票是一種風險比較高的融資方式,因為發(fā)債會有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無法償還相應的本金或者利息,就會使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時分險也被放大。
05、例題
下面來分析兩道題:
a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?
1.Inventory turnover days
2. Current ratio
3. Quick ratio
在物價上漲的情況下,采用先進先出法下的closing inventory的價值會大于采用加權平均法下closing inventory的價值,所以對于
? inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會變大。
? Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會變大
? Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會有一些同學產(chǎn)生疑問,inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會受到影響呢?
這是因為算quick ratio時已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無論inventory變大變小都不會對quick ratio有影響。
換句話說,current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無關。
b. Jessie Co has a 31 July 20X3 year end. On 31 July 20X3 issues 7% redeemable preference repayable in ten years' time.What is the effect of this on the return on capital employed (ROCE) and gearing ratio (debt/capital employed) for year ended 31 July 20X3?
redeemable preference share可贖回優(yōu)先股是作為一個Non-current liability處理的。
ROCE=Profit before tax and interest/capital employed (equity + NCL),分子不變,分母增加,導致ROCE變小。
有的同學會問:發(fā)放優(yōu)先股難道所有者權益不增加嗎?
優(yōu)先股可分為可贖回和不可贖回優(yōu)先股。
不可贖回優(yōu)先股,作為公司equity來對待;
可贖回優(yōu)先股,說明股東有權利將股票贖回,也就是公司無法避免未來可能會發(fā)生cash out to pay these redeemable preference shares,那么既然無法避免,出于謹慎性原則,就將其記錄為負債。 謝謝大家,今天的講解到此結(jié)束,祝大家備考順利!
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA教材內(nèi)容里,公司財務報表的編制及分析財務報表都是考試中頻繁出現(xiàn)的重難點,上一輪已經(jīng)教大家如何編制公司財務報表,今天會計網(wǎng)就接著跟大家講解一下關于公司財務報表的分析方法。
一家公司的報表可以從四個維度來分析:
?、倨髽I(yè)的盈利能力
②企業(yè)的流動性
?、燮髽I(yè)的經(jīng)營能力
④企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標有:
?Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說當公司的銷售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒有發(fā)生變化,這時就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒有隨著銷售收入的增加而變大。
?Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營利潤率不僅衡量了一個公司的銷售貨物或者提供服務產(chǎn)生的利潤率,同時也衡量了這個公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營利潤率也會因為其operating expense的變化而改變。
?ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤率有時候是沒有可比性的,因為公司規(guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤率要大于小公司的利潤率,所以一家大公司的利潤率是不能與一家小公司的利潤率進行直接的對比;
ROCE衡量的是一個公司資本的回報率,即每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤,這里財務指標同時也衡量了這個公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報的投資項目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營效率的指標有:
?Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來考慮一個問題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購買一個固定資產(chǎn),會對ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會變小:這是由于assets的增加,會使得分母變大,assets的增加會導致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時間內(nèi)不會因為產(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營情況的惡化。
?Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個指標衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷售出去,這個值應該是越小越好。
?Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個指標是用于計算企業(yè)從賒銷貨物到收到錢這個過程所花費的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
?Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個指標是用于計算公司的的信用期間,越長就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動性的指標:
?Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動性比率越大,說明這個公司的流動性越好
?Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動比率的基礎上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構的指標:
Gearing:?Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
?Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對于發(fā)行股票是一種風險比較高的融資方式,因為發(fā)債會有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無法償還相應的本金或者利息,就會使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時分險也被放大。
05、例題
下面來分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價上漲的情況下,采用先進先出法下的closing inventory的價值會大于采用加權平均法下closing inventory的價值,所以對于? inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會變大。? Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會變大? Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會有一些同學產(chǎn)生疑問,inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會受到影響呢?
這是因為算quick ratio時已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無論inventory變大變小都不會對quick ratio有影響。
換句話說,current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)
current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory
所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability
故quick ratio和inventory無關。
b. Jessie Co has a 31 July 20X3 year end. On 31 July 20X3 issues 7% redeemable preference repayable in ten years' time.
What is the effect of this on the return on capital employed (ROCE) and gearing ratio (debt/capital employed) for year ended 31 July 20X3?
redeemable preference share可贖回優(yōu)先股是作為一個Non-current liability處理的。
ROCE=Profit before tax and interest/capital employed (equity + NCL),分子不變,分母增加,導致ROCE變小。
有的同學會問:發(fā)放優(yōu)先股難道所有者權益不增加嗎?
優(yōu)先股可分為可贖回和不可贖回優(yōu)先股。
不可贖回優(yōu)先股,作為公司equity來對待;
可贖回優(yōu)先股,說明股東有權利將股票贖回,也就是公司無法避免未來可能會發(fā)生cash out to pay these redeemable preference shares,那么既然無法避免,出于謹慎性原則,就將其記錄為負債。 謝謝大家,今天的講解到此結(jié)束,祝大家備考順利!
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在ACCA考試里,F(xiàn)A科目會涉及到比較多有關財務報表的考點知識,除了如何編制財務報表外,如何去分析一家企業(yè)的財務報表同樣會經(jīng)常作為考點問題來考察大家,今天會計網(wǎng)就跟各位考生詳解這個高頻考點內(nèi)容。
FA對于這部分內(nèi)容的學習要求是掌握財務指標的計算方法,了解財務指標之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,解釋每個財務指標所代表的含義,從而用這些指標來解讀報表,分析一家企業(yè)的經(jīng)營狀況。
一家公司的報表可以從四個維度來分析:
①企業(yè)的盈利能力
②企業(yè)的流動性
③企業(yè)的經(jīng)營能力
④企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標有:
Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說當公司的銷售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒有發(fā)生變化,這時就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒有隨著銷售收入的增加而變大
Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營利潤率不僅衡量了一個公司的銷售貨物或者提供服務產(chǎn)生的利潤率,同時也衡量了這個公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營利潤率也會因為其operating expense的變化而改變。
ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤率有時候是沒有可比性的,因為公司規(guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤率要大于小公司的利潤率,所以一家大公司的利潤率是不能與一家小公司的利潤率進行直接的對比;
ROCE衡量的是一個公司資本的回報率,即每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤,這里財務指標同時也衡量了這個公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報的投資項目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營效率的指標有:
Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來考慮一個問題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購買一個固定資產(chǎn),會對ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會變小:這是由于assets的增加,會使得分母變大,assets的增加會導致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時間內(nèi)不會因為產(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營情況的惡化。
Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個指標衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷售出去,這個值應該是越小越好。
Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個指標是用于計算企業(yè)從賒銷貨物到收到錢這個過程所花費的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個指標是用于計算公司的的信用期間,越長就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動性的指標:
Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動性比率越大,說明這個公司的流動性越好
Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動比率的基礎上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構的指標:
Gearing:Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對于發(fā)行股票是一種風險比較高的融資方式,因為發(fā)債會有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無法償還相應的本金或者利息,就會使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時分險也被放大。
05、例題
下面來分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價上漲的情況下,采用先進先出法下的closing inventory的價值會大于采用加權平均法下closing inventory的價值,所以對于 inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會變大。 Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會變大 Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會有一些同學產(chǎn)生疑問,inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會受到影響呢?
這是因為算quick ratio時已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無論inventory變大變小都不會對quick ratio有影響。
換句話說,current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無關。
來源:ACCA學習幫
ACCA考試科目F1是《商業(yè)與科技》,內(nèi)容涵蓋企業(yè)組織,公司管理,會計和報告體系,內(nèi)部財務控制,人力資源管理,會計職業(yè)道德等,屬于ACCA考試科目基礎階段中的知識課程,具體知識點如下:
ACCA科目F1知識點
Mendelow:
Mendelow’s Matrix:Stakeholders&Power VS Interest
Hight power&high interest:key players
Hight power&low interest:keep satisfied
Low power&high interest:keep informed
Low power&low interest:minimal efforts
Anthony:
Planning Level:Hierarchy層級(管理層)——STO
戰(zhàn)略(Strategic)規(guī)劃(高級管理層:處理長期規(guī)劃;關心公司發(fā)展方向、政策制定、危機處理)
戰(zhàn)術(Tactical)決策(中層領導:每年具體目標制定;關心如何達到企業(yè)目標的方法、資源的合理配置、創(chuàng)新)
經(jīng)營(Operational)管理(車間小組長:監(jiān)管并參與實際生產(chǎn);制定日?;顒佑媱?
Porter:
價值鏈value chain
支持活動:基礎設施、IT、HR、采購、財務
主要活動:進料inbound(receiving、warehousing、distribution)、加工(transforming)、給到客戶(warehousing/distribution of finished goods)、市場/銷售、售后服務
五力競爭模型Five competence force:
Threat of new entrants新興商品(進入市場的障礙:economices of scale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟、product differentiation產(chǎn)品區(qū)別化、good brand name&customer loyalty品牌與客戶忠誠度、capital requirement資金要求、switching cost轉(zhuǎn)化成本、access to distribution channels分銷渠道、learning cureve advantage學習曲線優(yōu)勢)/substitute替代品的威脅力、customers客戶/suppliers供應商的議價能力、competitive rivalry同行業(yè)的競爭力
Generic Strategies:
Cost leadership成本領先:低成本生產(chǎn)商
Differentiation差異領先:unique獨一無二
Focus:cost focus只注重部分市場;分類:成本中心/differentiation focus差異中心
Schein:
Determinanta of organization culture組織文化的決定因素:
組織文化的決定性因素(三個層級)P160
第一層級:Artifacts——可看得見的部分,包括工作行為、態(tài)度
第二層級:Values&Beliefs——潛在隱藏部分,包括目標、戰(zhàn)略
第三層級:Assumptions——很難感受到,包括想法、感受
Handy:
Organization culture組織文化的分類:
組織文化的分類:權力型、角色型、任務型、個性型P162
權力型Power culture:保持絕對管理權;適用于簡單/企業(yè)家結(jié)構組織——Zeus
角色型Role culture:按職位劃分,變化/晉升緩慢;適用于官僚主義組織;適用于穩(wěn)定、結(jié)構大的組織如政府機關——Apollo
任務型Task culture:注重任務完成結(jié)果的好壞、完成任務;適用于項目團隊如matrix structure(短期、一次性),根據(jù)結(jié)果——Athena
個性型Person culture:滿足某一個體的要求;適用于——Dionysus
Hofstede:
International culture國際文化五大差異維度:
權力距離power distance:上下級之間的關系(中方比較大,西方比較小)
個人主義&集體主義individualism&collectivism:中國崇尚集體、西方注重個人
男性化&女性化社會*masculinity&femininity:男性與女性之間的區(qū)別
低不確定性&高不確定性規(guī)避:uncertainty avoidance
短期取向&長期取向:Long&short term orientation
Leader VS Manager區(qū)別:Kotter&Bennis
Kotter:
管理Mngt應對復雜(Complexity—process&structure、analysis&control)情況,領導Leadership應付變化(change)
Bennis:
管理Mngt注重內(nèi)控系統(tǒng)(system)和短期short term,領導注重人們(people)和長期long term
管理學代表人物及理論內(nèi)容:
Scientific/classical theory of management科學管理——Fayol,Taylor
The human relations school人際關系學說——Mayo
Functions of a manager管理者的職能——Mintzber Drucker
Fayol:管理五大職能:five functions of management—POCCC
Planning(determine objectives、strategies、policies、programmes&procedures for achieving the objective、the org&sub-units確定發(fā)展目標、策略、流程等)
Organizing(establish structure of task、delegate authority to carry out tasks、providing systems of inf.&communication for co-ordination of activities建立組織結(jié)構、下放權力)
Commanding(giving instructions下達命令)
Coordinating(harmonizing the goals and activities of individuals and groups within the organization個人目標與組織目標相統(tǒng)一)
Controlling(measuring&correcting評估和糾正)
后人/現(xiàn)代管理學增加兩點:Motivating(激勵)、Communicating(溝通)
Taylor:
科學管理:現(xiàn)代科學管理之父、科學管理的原理(4個)和方法(4個)、計件工資piecework Principles科學管理的原理:
The development of true science of work發(fā)展真正的科學(收集所有知識并明細化分)The scientific selection&progressive development of workers科學挑選員工并培訓(提供最合適的工作)
The applications of techniques to plan制定科學的工作方法(評估并控制工作、為了最大產(chǎn)能)
The constant&intimate co-operation員工和管理層的合作
Techniques科學管理的方法:
Work study techniques研究工作方法(分析任務、找出最有效的方法、不準出錯)Planning&doing were separated規(guī)劃人和實施者分離
Jobs were micro-designed工作分解詳細(簡單、單一的任務)
Workers were paid incentives員工薪水(激勵作用)
Mayo
Human Relation School人際關系學說:注重social relationships
Hawthorne實驗(宣泄效應、發(fā)泄不滿、與領導層溝通交流—心情變得舒暢也感覺到了管理層的關心、生產(chǎn)效率提高)
Marslow,Hertzberg
后人際關系學說(Neo-human relations)
——an open,dynamic organism with human psychological needs of growth,challenge,responsibility and fulfillment崗位中強調(diào)成長、責任感、成就感也能帶來績效的上升。
相信各位ACCA考生在平時的做題以及上課過程中都已經(jīng)接觸到了與SOPL和SOFP相關的一些知識。SOPL和SOFP都是ACCA(AB)科目中比較重點的內(nèi)容,今天會計網(wǎng)給大家整理了與SOFP和SOPL相聯(lián)系的知識點。
SOFP介紹
首先我們來看一下資產(chǎn)負債表。它的英文名稱叫做Statement of financial position, 簡稱SOFP。曾用名是Balance sheet,簡稱B/S。資產(chǎn)負債表其強調(diào)的是時點的概念,也就是at a particular date。它看的是截止到這個時間點上的asset、liability以及equity的狀況是怎樣的。
所謂的資產(chǎn)負債表觀指的是 Asset=Liability+Equity。
Asset分為Non current asset 和Current asset。Non current asset是指不能在1年或者超過1年的1個營業(yè)周期內(nèi)變現(xiàn)或者耗用的資產(chǎn)。典型的Non current asset有:Property, plant and equipment; Current asset是指企業(yè)可以在1年或者超過1年的1個營業(yè)周期內(nèi)變現(xiàn)或者運用的資產(chǎn)。常見的Current asset有:Inventory; Trade receivables; Cash and cash equivalents. Share capital以及Retained earning是屬于Equity中的。
Liability也是分為Non current liability和Current liability的。Non current liability非流動負債又稱為長期負債。是指償還期在1年以上的債務。比如:Long-term borrowing; Current liability流動負債是指在1年或者1年以內(nèi)的1個營業(yè)周期內(nèi)償還的債務。比如:Trade payable; Short term borrowing.
站在AB科目的角度上,對于資產(chǎn)負債表這里,我們還涉及一個公式:Working capital營運資本=current asset-current liability
SOPL介紹
接下來,我們再來看下利潤表。它的英文名稱叫做Statement of profit or loss 簡稱SOPL。它也可以叫做 income statement, 它是反映企業(yè)在一定時期內(nèi)(月份、年度) 經(jīng)營成果(利潤或虧損) 的報表。
在學習AB科目的時候,我們也要簡單的知道哪些是屬于SOPL中的。
比如 Revenue/sales/turnover; Cost of sales; Gross profit; Expense......這些都是屬于SOPL中的。所以考試的時候一定要判斷出來,哪些是屬于SOFP,哪些是屬于SOPL的。
相信大家在做題的時候也發(fā)現(xiàn)了,有的題目會說高估期末存貨對profit有什么影響?這是由于一個公式得來的。
Opening inventory + purchase - cost of sales = Closing inventory
如果高估期末存貨,那么就相當于低估了cost of sales。那么根據(jù)SOPL的格式。Revenue-cost of sales=gross profit,所以低估cost of sales就相當于高估了profit。所以才是高估期末存貨相當于高估了gross profit。
好啦,本期的知識點就到這里結(jié)束了,我們下期再見。
來源:ACCA學習幫