定性分析也叫作“定性研究”,是對社會中產(chǎn)生的一些現(xiàn)象或事物所具有的屬性以及在運(yùn)動(dòng)中的矛盾變化,對事物的內(nèi)在規(guī)定性進(jìn)行研究的一種方法。
定性研究有兩個(gè)不同的層次,1、沒有或缺乏數(shù)量分析的純定性研究,結(jié)論往往具有概括性和較濃的思辨色彩;2、建立在定量分析的基礎(chǔ)上的、更高層次的定性研究。
定性分析是傳播學(xué)研究方法之一,指通過邏輯推理、哲學(xué)思辯、歷史求證、法規(guī)判斷等思維方式,著重從質(zhì)的方面分析和研究某一事物的屬性,是傳統(tǒng)的人文科學(xué)研究方法在傳播學(xué)領(lǐng)域的具體運(yùn)用。主要用于研究傳播的社會結(jié)構(gòu)和功能、傳播的社會控制、傳播與社會發(fā)展的相互關(guān)系等。
定性分析的特點(diǎn)
1、定性分析是對潛在的理由和動(dòng)機(jī)所得出的一個(gè)定性的理解。
2、定性分析的樣本由無代表性的個(gè)案組成。
4、定性分析的數(shù)據(jù)的收集是無結(jié)構(gòu)。
3、定性分析能夠以非統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
定性分析與定量分析的區(qū)別是什么?
1、定性分析和定量分析具體分析的內(nèi)容會有所不同。定性分析采用的方法主要是是文字語言分析的方法,通過語言的分析對于產(chǎn)品的問題進(jìn)行相關(guān)的描述,而定量分析主要采用的是數(shù)學(xué)語言,通過一系列的數(shù)據(jù)來對產(chǎn)品問題進(jìn)行描述。簡單來說定量分析就是講事物量化。
2、定性分析和定量分析是對同一個(gè)問題進(jìn)行分析的兩個(gè)方面,定性分析是進(jìn)行定量分析的重要前提,如果缺少產(chǎn)品的定性分析,那么,一系列的定量分析則是毫無價(jià)值和盲目的。在進(jìn)行定性分析之后,就必須采用更加科學(xué)準(zhǔn)確的定量分析,得出更加深入而廣泛的結(jié)論。從這個(gè)角度上來看,定性分析和定量分析是相輔相成的。
3、定性分析和定量分析所采取的具體方法會不同。定量分析主要采取的是統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)、建立數(shù)學(xué)模型的方法,通過科學(xué)準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)學(xué)模型來計(jì)算出分析對象的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),以及所涉及到的一系列數(shù)值。定性分析主要是通過分析的人員來判斷往往帶有主觀性,對于事物的分析也是局部的不夠全面的。定量分析的分析方法會更加傾向于科學(xué)性,通過數(shù)字反應(yīng)也會更加簡單易懂。
但任何一項(xiàng)分析都應(yīng)該以定性分析作為基礎(chǔ),才不會出現(xiàn)大方向上的錯(cuò)誤。
在ACCA考試中,考生們難免會遇到比較多的計(jì)算公式,其中,variance analysis作為一個(gè)??键c(diǎn),當(dāng)中的公式也讓考生很容易混淆,對此,會計(jì)網(wǎng)今天就為大家著重講解“variance analysis”這個(gè)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
01、A/F的判斷
在variable cost variance中,不論是material,labour還是overhead,只要實(shí)際價(jià)格或者實(shí)際用量高于預(yù)計(jì)情況,就會使得實(shí)際成本高于預(yù)計(jì)成本,這樣對企業(yè)利潤是不利的,那么差異就是adverse,反之差異即為favourable
02、所有差異分析都遵循一個(gè)原則
計(jì)量價(jià)差用實(shí)際量,計(jì)量量差用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)價(jià)
03、考試類型1
A company manufactures a single product L, for which the standard material cost is as follows:
Material 14kg x $3
During July,800 units of L were manufactured. 12,000 kg of material were purchased for S33,600,of which 11,500kg were issued to production. SM Co values all inventory at standard cost.
What are the material price and usage variances for July?
信息梳理:
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料成本:
生產(chǎn)一個(gè)unit要用14kg原材料,每kg的材料成本為$3,所以生產(chǎn)一個(gè)unit的材料成本=14kg/unit*$3/kg=$42/unit;
實(shí)際生產(chǎn)量=800units
實(shí)際原材料采購量=12000kg,實(shí)際原材料采購成本=$33600
代入公式:
Material price variance=actual purchase/usage*standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg = 12000 * $3 - $33600 = 2400F
Material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg=(800*14-11500)*$3=900A
注意:
計(jì)算價(jià)差要用實(shí)際的原材料采購量
計(jì)算出來的實(shí)際值小于預(yù)計(jì)值,說明實(shí)際成本更低,對企業(yè)利潤有利,是favourable variance,反之則是adverse variance
以上是第一種考試類型,給出條件要求計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的variance,接下來看第二種考試類型
04、考試類型2
There are some information of Gaodun Co as follws.
Material price variance:$5,600Favourable
Material usage variance:$1,800Adverse
Actual purchases:1,600kg
Total costs:$60,800
What was the standard material price per kg(to the nearest $0.01)?
信息梳理:
這個(gè)題目已經(jīng)把price variance和usage variance給出來了,同時(shí)還給出了實(shí)際原材料采購量+1600kg和采購原材料花費(fèi)的實(shí)際成本=$60800.
要求計(jì)算standard material price per kg,很多同學(xué)會不確定究竟是用price variance,usage variance還是用它們加總之后的total variance來計(jì)算,那首先我們從題目要求來判斷,題目要計(jì)算的是每kg的材料成本,那么根據(jù)total variance的公式,我們只能求出每個(gè)unit的材料成本,要得到每kg的材料成本就要知道
每個(gè)unit用多少原材料,但是題目并沒有給到這個(gè)條件,所以基本排除用total variance反求的情況. 那接下來,不妨把price variance和usage variance的公式寫出來
公式:
material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg
material price variance=actual purchase / usage * standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg
可以發(fā)現(xiàn),兩個(gè)公式都涉及standard price per kg,但是在usage variance中,還缺少actual production unit這個(gè)條件,所以利用usage variance是無法求得 standard price per kg的,那就只能用price variance
代入公式:
5600F=1600*standard price per kg-60800,注意差異是favourable的,說明實(shí)際值小于預(yù)計(jì)值,那么1600*standard price per kg-60800=5600
解出standard price per kg=$41.50/kg
綜上可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在variable cost variance的相關(guān)題目中,同學(xué)除了要對公式很熟悉以外,做題的時(shí)候還要特別注意單位,那么之后無論是正算variance還是反求其中的單位成本,unit等,都可以很容易把分拿到。
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
在以往的ACCA考試中,很多考生遇到有關(guān)CVP analysis試題都會皺起眉頭,并不知道要如何解答,這類試題失分也比較多。對此,會計(jì)網(wǎng)就為大家詳細(xì)講解CVP analysis知識點(diǎn)。
01、推導(dǎo)過程:
大多數(shù)情況下我們都是不用掌握推導(dǎo)過程的,但是CVP analysis建議大家一定要掌握推導(dǎo)過程,第一是因?yàn)楹唵危诙强梢詰?yīng)對一些變化的情況。
盈虧平衡點(diǎn):profit=0 (①sales revenue=total cost;②Contribution=FC)
Profit=sales revenue-VC-FC=contribution-FC=contribution per unit*units-FC=0
所以units(BEP)=FC/contribution per unit
$(BER)=BEP*sales price=FC/contribution per unit*sales price=FC / C/Sratio
02、公式法:(背)
? Single product
Margin of safety = Budgeted -Breakeven(本公式可以是units或者$或者%,如果是%分母是budget)
? Multiple-products
Assume sales mix remains constant,以per mix為一個(gè)基本單位
03、圖像法:
考察最多的是Profit volume chart,尤其注意固定成本是不變的,是直線的起點(diǎn),目標(biāo)點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo)和起點(diǎn)的差異就是contribution。
通常用公式法更多,但是結(jié)合階梯成本考查使用圖像法會更加方便。
? Single product
? Multiple-products
04、評價(jià)
主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):margin of safety包含了對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的管理
主要缺點(diǎn):假設(shè)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的
接下來我們來看一個(gè)CVP analysis相關(guān)的主觀題的解答方法:
主觀題做題步驟:
做題第一步,首先看分?jǐn)?shù),按分估小點(diǎn),宜多不宜減;
做題第二步,問題要先讀,圈出關(guān)鍵詞,分析知識點(diǎn);
做題第三步,開始讀題目,帶著問題讀,高亮標(biāo)題干;
最后說一點(diǎn),日常訓(xùn)練時(shí),一定電腦練!
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
美國加州浸會大學(xué)國際博士(DBA)學(xué)制是3年。第一年國內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)、第二年赴美學(xué)習(xí)、第三年自行選擇。
美國加州浸會大學(xué)DBA課程內(nèi)容
1、第一學(xué)年課程
組織與管理基礎(chǔ)Foundations of Organization and Management
組織與管理倫理Ethics in Organization and Management
人力資源管理主題Topics in Human Resource Management
財(cái)務(wù)分析決策Financial Analysis for Decision Making
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的商業(yè)應(yīng)用Applying Economics Theory to Business
國際商業(yè)International Business in Global Markets
2、第二學(xué)年課程
戰(zhàn)略營銷Strategic Marketing
研究設(shè)計(jì)Research Design
數(shù)據(jù)分析與解讀Data Analysis and Interpretation
定量研究Quantitative Research
定性研究Qualitative Research
綜合測試Comprehensive Experience
3、第三學(xué)年課程
畢業(yè)論文(開題、寫作、答辯)Dissertation Experience BUS 797
畢業(yè)論文(提交發(fā)表)Dissertation Completion
注:因考試政策、內(nèi)容不斷變化與調(diào)整,以上內(nèi)容僅供參考,具體信息請右下角直接咨詢。
定性分析和定量分析是研究中常用的兩種方法,它們在研究問題時(shí)有著不同的特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用場景。本文將從定性分析和定量分析的定義、區(qū)別和共性三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行介紹。
什么是定性分析?
定性分析是一種基于主觀性和描述性的研究方法,它不依賴于數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),而是通過對現(xiàn)象、事物、觀點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行描寫、分類和解釋,從而達(dá)到深入了解和理解的目的。定性分析的數(shù)據(jù)來源主要是文本、圖像、聲音等非數(shù)字化的材料,研究人員需要通過閱讀、觀察、訪談等方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集和分析,最終得出相關(guān)結(jié)論。
什么是定量分析?
定量分析是一種基于客觀性和量化性的研究方法,它依賴于數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),通過對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析和推斷,從而得出結(jié)論和預(yù)測。定量分析的數(shù)據(jù)來源主要是數(shù)字化的材料,如問卷調(diào)查、實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等,研究人員需要運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,得出相關(guān)結(jié)論。
定性分析和定量分析之間有什么區(qū)別和共性?
區(qū)別:
數(shù)據(jù)來源不同:定性分析的數(shù)據(jù)來源主要是非數(shù)字化的材料,而定量分析的數(shù)據(jù)來源主要是數(shù)字化的材料。
數(shù)據(jù)分析方法不同:定性分析采用主觀性和描述性的方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,而定量分析采用客觀性和量化性的方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
結(jié)論表達(dá)方式不同:定性分析得出的結(jié)論通常是描述性的,而定量分析得出的結(jié)論通常是數(shù)值性的。
共性:
都是研究方法:定性分析和定量分析都是研究問題時(shí)常用的方法。
都是研究數(shù)據(jù):無論是定性分析還是定量分析,都是對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行研究和分析,從而得出相關(guān)結(jié)論。
總之,定性分析和定量分析各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),研究人員需要根據(jù)具體研究問題的特點(diǎn)選擇合適的方法,從而得出準(zhǔn)確、可靠的結(jié)論。
很快又要到2020年12月份ACCA考季了,最近有考生在備考時(shí),有關(guān)CVP analysis這部分的真題不知道該如何入手,針對此情況,會計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家重點(diǎn)講解下關(guān)于CVP analysis知識考點(diǎn)。
01、真題練習(xí)
The Alka Hotel is situated in a major city close to many theatres and restaurants.
The Alka Hotel has 25 double bedrooms and it charges guests $180 per room per night, regardless of single or double occupancy. The hotel’s variable cost is $60 per occupied room per night.
The Alka Hotel is open for 365 days a year and has a 70% budgeted occupancy rate. Fixed costs are budgeted at $600,000 a year and accrue evenly throughout the year.During the first quarter (Q1) of the year the room occupancy rates are significantly below the levels expected at other times of the year with the Alka Hotel expecting to sell 900 occupied room nights during Q1. Options to improve profitability are being considered, including closing the hotel for the duration of Q1 or adopting one of two possible projects as follows:
Project 1-Theatre package
For Q1 only the Alka Hotel management would offer guests a ‘theatre package’. Couples who pay for two consecutive nights at a special rate of $67·50 per room night will also receive a pair of theatre tickets for a payment of $100. The theatre tickets are very good value and are the result of long negotiation between the Alka Hotel management and the local theatre. The theatre tickets cost the Alka Hotel $95 a pair. The Alka Hotel’s fixed costs specific to this project (marketing and administration) are budgeted at $20,000.The hotel’s management believes that the ‘theatre package’ will have no effect on their usual Q1 customers, who are all business travellers and who have no interest in theatre tickets, but will still require their usual rooms.
Project 2-Restaurant
There is scope to extend the Alka Hotel and create enough space to operate a restaurant for the benefit of its guests.The annual costs, revenues and volumes for the combined restaurant and hotel are illustrated in the following graph:
Note: The graph does not include the effect of the ‘theatre package’ offer.
Required:
(a) Using the current annual budgeted figures, and ignoring the two proposed projects, calculate the breakeven number of occupied room nights and the margin of safety as a percentage. (4 marks)
(b) Ignoring the two proposed projects, calculate the budgeted profit or loss for Q1 and explain whether the hotel should close for the duration of Q1. (4 marks)
(c) Calculate the breakeven point in sales value of Project 1 and explain whether the hotel should adopt the project. (4 marks)
(d) Using the graph, quantify and comment upon the financial effect of Project 2 on the Alka Hotel. Note: There are up to four marks available for calculations. (8 marks)
02、分析過程
第一步:首先看分?jǐn)?shù),按分估小點(diǎn),宜多不宜減;
4分的題目通常就需要回答到兩個(gè)點(diǎn),如果題中考的是簡單定義的默寫有可能會一分一個(gè)點(diǎn);8分的題目通常是4個(gè)點(diǎn)每個(gè)點(diǎn)2分。
第二步:問題要先讀,圈出關(guān)鍵詞,分析知識點(diǎn);
(a) 計(jì)算BEP和margin of safety as a percentage,結(jié)合上一步的分析,確定按照一個(gè)計(jì)算兩分寫;(需要注意的是,考生做題的時(shí)候過程盡量寫詳細(xì),結(jié)果算錯(cuò)了但是過程正確是有分的)
(b) 忽略這兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目,計(jì)算第一季度的預(yù)算利潤或虧損,并解釋酒店是否應(yīng)該在第一季度關(guān)閉?;究梢钥闯鍪莄alculate和explain一個(gè)兩分。
(c) 計(jì)算項(xiàng)目1的BER,說明酒店是否應(yīng)該采用該項(xiàng)目?;究梢钥闯鍪莄alculate和explain一個(gè)兩分。
(d) 利用圖表,量化并評論項(xiàng)目2對Alka酒店的財(cái)務(wù)影響。下面批注了計(jì)算可以占4分,剩下四分是文字。
以上是對問題的分析,可以看出前面兩個(gè)問題都是和project 1&2沒有關(guān)系的,所以先帶著前兩個(gè)問題看Project 1-Theatre package之前的背景。然后再分別看第三個(gè)和第四個(gè)問題。
第三步:開始讀題目,帶著問題讀,高亮標(biāo)題干;
(a)\(b)問先讀Project 1-Theatre package之前:
? 25 double bedrooms,$180 per room per night:25間雙人房,無論是單人房還是雙人房,每個(gè)房間每晚收費(fèi)180美元
? variable cost is $60 per occupied room per night:每間客房每晚60美元
? 365 days a year, 70% budgeted occupancy rate
? Fixed costs $600,000 a year ? First quarter (Q1) sell 900 occupied room nights
(a) 問的是計(jì)算,先把公式寫上,然后帶入數(shù)據(jù)。帶數(shù)據(jù)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)由某一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是題中沒有告訴的,建議寫Working,因?yàn)闄C(jī)考時(shí)EXCEL表格不能插入行。
BEP= Fixed cost/contribution per room per night= $600,000 /$120(W1)=5000 occupied room nightsMargin of safety as a percentage= (Budgeted room occupancy – breakeven room occupancy)/budgeted room occupancy=(6387.5(w2)-5000)/6387.5(w2)=21.72%
Working 1:
Contribution per room=sales price per room per night-variable cost=$180-$60=$120 per room per night
Working 2:
Budgeted room occupancy=25 double bedrooms*365 days a year*70% budgeted occupancy rate=6387.5 occupied room nights
(b)問的是計(jì)算結(jié)合文字,習(xí)慣寫法是先把計(jì)算寫出來,然后再分析。
Profit or loss for Q1:
Total Contribution=Contribution per room*occupied room nights=$120*900=$108000
Profit/loss=total contribution-FC=$108000-$600,000*(3/12)= $-42000(一定要注意這里的FC只算一個(gè)季度的,也就是3個(gè)月)
Explain whether the hotel should close for the duration of Q1:
如果關(guān)閉,損失銷售收入節(jié)約變動(dòng)成本,也就是損失contribution:108000
但是固定成本$600,000*(3/12)=150000不會被節(jié)約,普通的固定成本只有關(guān)閉企業(yè)完全不生產(chǎn)之后才可以被節(jié)約。
所以最后觀點(diǎn)是should not close,書寫過程為:The Alka Hotel should not close in Q1.(先把觀點(diǎn)擺出來)The fixed costs will still be incurred and closure would result in lost contribution of $108,000. This in turn would result in a decrease in annual profits of $108,000. (根據(jù)背景解釋原因)In addition, the hotel could lose customers at other times of the year, particularly their regular business customers, who may perceive the hotel as being unreliable.(開腦洞,根據(jù)實(shí)際情況去分析有可能出現(xiàn)的情況,這一點(diǎn)不一定和答案相同,言之有理即可)
第三步:開始讀題目,帶著問題讀,高亮標(biāo)題干;
? two consecutive nights at a special rate of $67.50 per room night will also receive a pair of theatre tickets for a payment of $100.:連續(xù)兩晚以67.50美元/間的特殊價(jià)格入住的夫婦還將獲得兩張劇院門票。也就是sales price=$67.50*2+$100=$235
.? theatre tickets cost $95 a pair
? fixed costs specific to this project $20,000.
(c)問的是計(jì)算結(jié)合文字,習(xí)慣寫法是先把計(jì)算寫出來,然后再分析。需要注意的是本小問的項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的項(xiàng)目,對原來的客戶沒有影響(have no effect on their usual Q1 customers),所以評估的時(shí)候也是單獨(dú)評估。
BER of project 1=Fixed cost / C/S ratio=$20,000/8.51%(w3)=$ 235017.63
Working 3:注意收入和變動(dòng)成本都是由兩個(gè)部分組成。Sales price=$67.50*2+$100=$235VC=$60*2+$95=$215Contribution=$235-$215=$20C/S ratio=$40/$235.=8.51%
Explain whether the hotel should adopt the project:
從上面的計(jì)算可以看出,單位貢獻(xiàn)是$20比較低,如果要讓contribution覆蓋掉固定成本$20,000,需要1000個(gè)兩晚+影院票賣出去,也就是2000 occupied room nights。Q1可獲得的房間數(shù)是25*365*(3/12)=2281.25 room nights,其中正常的客戶需要900晚,所以是不夠的,should not adopt project 1.
Project 1 is not viable at the quoted prices.(通常習(xí)慣把結(jié)論放前面,讓考官明確你的觀點(diǎn))
The unit contribution per theatre package is low and it requires a large number of sales to break even. Each theatre package would require two room nights to be sold which would mean 2,000 room nights needed in Q1 to break even. (需要的)
The available rooms for Q1 are only 2,281·25 (9,125/4) and the Alka Hotel has already sold 900 rooms, so there is insufficient capacity. (可獲得的)
第三步:開始讀題目,帶著問題讀,高亮標(biāo)題干;(這個(gè)題的題干很少,主要是圖像,所以先在草稿紙上分析圖像)
(d)問是文字+計(jì)算,但是不按照先寫計(jì)算再寫文字,因?yàn)橛?jì)算一開始沒辦法明確算的是什么,最好是根據(jù)文字的邏輯去計(jì)算。
? 銷售收入:找到sales直線上唯一一個(gè)標(biāo)了橫縱坐標(biāo)的點(diǎn)(8000,2000000),所以sales price=2000000/80000=$250,以前是$180 per room per night,可以看出餐廳業(yè)務(wù)平均每間房每晚增加了70的收入。? 變動(dòng)成本:total cost和fixed cost之間的差異就是VC,所以8000 rooms對應(yīng)的VC是1560000-800000=760000,VC per room=760000/8000=$ 95 per room。相比于以前的$ 60 per room增加了$ 35 per room,這反映了餐廳業(yè)務(wù)的可變成本。? 固定成本:從600000變到了800000,因?yàn)椴蛷d業(yè)務(wù)增加了200000的成本;? 由于這些變化,收支平衡點(diǎn)從5000間客房增加到5161間客房(圖中直接看出),因此酒店需要銷售更多的客房夜來彌補(bǔ)成本。? 當(dāng)前的預(yù)計(jì)銷售房間數(shù)是7300(圖像中),占總數(shù)的80%(7300/9125),安全邊際是(7300-5161)/7300=29.30%,這是大于當(dāng)前的安全邊際的(29.30%>21.72%),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更小了。? 利潤:sales-total cost=7300*$250-7300*$ 95 per room-800000=$331,500
今天的內(nèi)容就到這里啦~關(guān)注會計(jì)網(wǎng),很多ACCA干貨分享~
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
在ACCA考試中,SBL科目經(jīng)常會存在一個(gè)常考點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在每年的試卷題目里,為了使大家在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)更好理解這個(gè)考點(diǎn),下面會計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家詳解下“professional skills”這個(gè)考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
Professional skills - CCASE
Communication
溝通技巧,強(qiáng)調(diào)三個(gè)要點(diǎn):
a. Format (常見格式一定要拎清: slide with notes / report / memo / email / letter /press release / PID / briefing paper / extract from a statement)
b. Tone (弄清溝通的對象 to whom;場合 situation(如:對外的 CEO statement 一般都是評價(jià)過去,以成功為主;展望未來,以描繪藍(lán)圖為主;對內(nèi)的 CEO report 一般都是以內(nèi)部管理為主,評價(jià)過去,以問題和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為主;展望未來,以謹(jǐn)慎和挑戰(zhàn)為主;可以對比一下 2018.12 真題卷的 CEO statement 和 Specimen 01 Q2(b) Board report )
c. Clarifying (說話簡明扼要,表達(dá)流暢,長句說不清楚的,盡量用短句)
Commercial acumen
商業(yè)技能,強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)要點(diǎn):常識,即生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,因?yàn)橐话憧疾爝@個(gè) skill 都是需要大家給出 recommendation 的。
a. 如果你是在職人士:用你的實(shí)務(wù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),結(jié)合題目,給出合理的建議。
b. 如果你是在校大學(xué)生:整理所有的測試 commercial acumen 的題目,把答案給的recommendation 積累好,從模仿做起。
Analysis
分析技能,最簡單的一個(gè) professional skill,答題思路,分兩種:
a. Qualitative analysis -- 對應(yīng)的題目基本都可以用模型 models 解決,如 stakeholder mapping, diamond model, cultural web 等都是常規(guī)真題考題。
b. Quantitative analysis -- 核心關(guān)鍵:Data
因此牢記此類題目的答題三部曲:
Facts: 客觀數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算和描述 (根據(jù)題目信息直接得出,或是簡單計(jì)算即可得出,送分點(diǎn))
Comparison: 對比數(shù)據(jù),單一的數(shù)據(jù)沒有價(jià)值,需要對比,得出 variance,描述其變化,上升或下降多少(送分)
Analysis: 針對變化,進(jìn)行分析,得分點(diǎn),一般分析的三個(gè)思路:causes 變化的原因/objective assessment 客觀的描述變好還是變壞/suggestion 有無改進(jìn)意見。
Skepticism
質(zhì)疑技能,難度系數(shù)較高,核心關(guān)鍵:challenge / question。既然是質(zhì)疑,說明你了解:
(1) 當(dāng)下情況的不足:current status / facts;(2) 提出你質(zhì)疑的點(diǎn):challenge;(3) 論證你的觀點(diǎn),證明你的質(zhì)疑不是空穴來風(fēng): justification;(4) 給出你認(rèn)為合理的建議:suggestion.
Evaluation
評估技能,難度系數(shù)較高,答題思路,兩個(gè):
(1) 戰(zhàn)略評估:strategy evaluation, SAF model + conclusion。
(2) 優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)評估:pros and cons. 知識點(diǎn)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)記憶+結(jié)合背景靈活應(yīng)用。
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
CFO EVA,LIFO,FIFO,do these professional terms of accounting and finance still seem like a foreign language to you?Can you eliminate the mystery behind the numbers of the financial statements?Or,how would you utilize those financial concepts to become a greater asset to your company?
As a business executive,you experience the tide of global change in ways few others do.And you know that to manage this tide,which will only intensify in the years ahead,you need a foundation that is at once timeless and flexible.Higher position means greater responsibility where understanding and talking the language of finance becomes a significant part of the job,executives at all levels need to be adequately equipped.
Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
Understanding the basic accounting model and its limitations
Analyzing and interpreting financial statements within the context of industry analysis and macroeconomic fundamentals
Mastering forecasting techniques
Providing rigorous tools and approaches to measure the effectiveness of your expenditures
Clarifying financial statements and their relationship to strategic decisions
Communicating more effectively with financial managers and accountants
Understanding different valuation techniques and respective benchmarks
General Managers,Directors,Experienced Managers
Vice President and Top Executives in all respective
Business Managers,Department Heads&Managers
Sales&Marketing Managers
Accountants,Corporate Treasury Managers
Investment Professionals
Any staff with a non-financial background looking to learn the fundamentals of finance
Finance Fundamental | Management Application |
-Introduction to the Course -The role of the finance function -Working with the finance teams -How companies succeed on finance? -Accounting Information—The Language of Business -What is financial accounting? -Why Financial Accounting is necessary? -Some process,terminology and concepts -Learn how financial data is generated and reported -Users and interpretation of Financial Statements -Managers and Financial Statements -The concept of shareholder value -Demystifying Financial Statements -Components of Financial Reports:balance sheet and P&L -Use financial data to evaluate the performance of department,organization,or division -Understand how accountants measure income,and show how it is related to a balance sheet -Cost of goods sold -The accrual concept and timing adjustments -Financial statements:graphical balance sheet simulation -Revisit the Income Statement and Balance sheet in a financial perspective -Cash Flow Statement,Distinguishing income from cash flow -The shortcomings of accounting -Implications of Revenue Recognition -Know effects of fair value measurement on financial statement -Analysis of Financial Statement—Where do you find useful information? -Qualitative Characteristics of financial Information -Locate and use sources of information about business performance -How accounting information assists in decision making -Linking decisions to financial metrics -How to increase ROCE -Profitability ratios -Economic Value Added(EVA TM) -Financial Decision Making -Profitability,liquidity ratios -Managing working capital -Financial Leverage -Debt ratios -Measuring business risk -Cash management -Study of the Annual Report of a Listed Company -Case:analyzing and interpreting a listed company’s annual report -Accounting Creates Value -Functions of management accounting -Management accounting compared to financial accounting -How the use of cost information defines its focus and form -Break-even analysis:ensuring fixed costs are covered -The costing principles and avoiding costing traps -The difference between traditional cost management systems and activity-based cost management systems
| -Budgeting and Forecasting:A Must in Pricing Effectively for Profit.Selecting the Best Costing Method and the Relevant Practical Pricing Theory -Budgeting and Forecasting:Two sides of the same process -Understanding the different steps involved in the process -How to minimize the risks in assessing the hypothesis underlying the performance -The cost information for pricing and product planning -Cost based pricing:a value-added approach -Customers:an outside in pricing -Competitors:predict their price -How to price effectively for profit,evaluating pricing methods -Case Study -Capital Investment Decision:Cash is King! -Cash flow forecasts as a planning tool -EBITDA,free cash flows -The analysis of return of capital employed,payback period,and discounted cash flow -Establishing cash flow forecasts -Calculating Net Present Values,IRR -Company Valuation:Risk and Corporate Characteristics -The fundamental tools of investment appraisal -The cost of capital and WACC,and how these are determined -The sensitivity analysis:how sensitive are key decision to potential changes in circumstances -Approaches to valuation -Capital Markets,Investment Banking and Financial Instruments:How to Face Your Long-term Financing Issues and More? -An introduction to capital markets -Different forms of financing(long term,short term) -Debt versus Equity -Gearing and beta factors -Capital Asset Pricing Models -Tax shields -Investing in China through Mergers or Acquisitions:Financial Business Practices and Managing the Related Risks -An Overview of the M&A market in China -Understanding the valuation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the structuring gap by the buyer -Understanding the negotiation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the execution gap -Understanding the challenges of the integration gap -Taking into account the Human dimension of any merger or acquisition |
想了解最新詳細(xì)課程大綱及資料,點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁左側(cè)的在線咨詢圖標(biāo),與在線老師交流咨詢領(lǐng)取。
acca的f7科目中文名稱為《(FR)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告》,屬于有一定難度的階段,通過率在50%左右。這門課程涵蓋了復(fù)雜的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表和會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,需要學(xué)生具備扎實(shí)的會計(jì)知識和技能。
(點(diǎn)擊咨詢,專業(yè)老師1V1指導(dǎo))
f7科目屬于第二階段,是f3的擴(kuò)展和深化。這一門課核心內(nèi)容主要是關(guān)于企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)工作報(bào)告的編制,包括學(xué)生獨(dú)立公司和集團(tuán)有限公司的財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)信息技術(shù)報(bào)告。也就是一個(gè)大家比較頭疼的個(gè)別財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表和合并財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。最后,對財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告中的信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究分析和解釋。
acca的f7科目的考試時(shí)間為10分鐘的考試說明閱讀時(shí)間加上3小時(shí)的答題時(shí)間,合計(jì)為3小時(shí)10分鐘。
1、Section A(共30分。共15道題,每道題2分):單選、多選、判斷、填空、拖拽匹配題、熱點(diǎn)題、下拉菜單題
2.B節(jié)(共30分)。案例問題3個(gè),每個(gè)案例下有5個(gè)客觀問題,共15個(gè)問題,每個(gè)問題2分):問題類型包括:拖動(dòng)匹配問題、單選、多項(xiàng)選擇、判斷、填空、熱題、下拉菜單問題
3.c部分(40分,2道題,每道20分):2道案例分析題
額外10分的種子題,隨機(jī)分配在Section A五個(gè)獨(dú)立進(jìn)行客觀分析題中,或Section B圍繞一個(gè)單一問題情境可以設(shè)置的五個(gè)客觀主義題中。
acca的f7科目考試會考到的部分知識點(diǎn)如下:
1.Asset:as a result of past events;controlled by the entity
Liability:a present obligation
Equity:the residue interest.
2.Measurement bases:
Historical cost:歷史成本法,購買時(shí)的價(jià)錢
Fair value:公允價(jià)值,在市場中的價(jià)錢
Value in use:使用價(jià)值(將來幾年的折現(xiàn))
Current cost:重置成本(購買一個(gè)全新資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值)
3.IASB conceptual framework
1).underlying assumption:going concern(>12 months)
2).Fundamental qualitative characteristics:
relevance(materiality);faithful representation(substance and economic reality)
3).Enhancing qualitative;comparability;verifiability;timeliness.
4.Regulatory framework:
IFRS:監(jiān)管
IASB:制定準(zhǔn)則,負(fù)責(zé)相關(guān)準(zhǔn)則的issue,revise
IFRC IC:解釋委員會
IFRC AC:咨詢委員會
5.Principle-based framework:judgement
Rule-based framework:detailed regulations
超實(shí)用ACCA備考資料包,助你順利拿下ACCA證書,點(diǎn)擊下方免費(fèi)下載海量學(xué)習(xí)資料,現(xiàn)在領(lǐng)取,下一位ACCA持證人就是你!
acca的f7科目??脊剑篖iquidity
Current ratio=current asset÷current liability
Quick ratio=(Debtors+investments+cash)÷current liability
acca的f7科目??脊剑篖ong-term solvency
Debt ratio=total debts÷equity×100%
Gearing ratio=Fixed return capital,preference shares,debentures,loan stock÷Equity capital and reserves
OR=Debt÷Debt+Equity
Interest cover=PBIT÷interest charges
acca的f7科目??脊剑篧orking capital analysis
Inventory turnover=Cost of sales÷Average inventory
OR=Average inventory÷Cost of sales×365
Receivable days=Average trade receivable÷credit sales×365
Payable days=Average trade payables÷Credit purchases×365
acca的f7科目??脊剑篒nvestment ratios
Dividend yield=Dividend per share÷Current market price per share
Dividend cover=EPS÷dividend per share
Price/earnings(PE)ratio=Current market price per share÷EPS
acca的f7科目??脊剑篜rofitability and return
Return on(total)capital employed(ROCE)=Profit before interest and tax÷(Share capital+reserves+debt)×100
Gross profit percentage=Gross profit÷Sales×100
Overheads/sales percentage=Overheads÷Sales×100
Asset turnover=Turnover÷capital employed
Gross profit margin=Gross Profit÷Revenue×100
ESG作為企業(yè)未來發(fā)展的核心趨勢之一,現(xiàn)在各大協(xié)會和組織都有發(fā)布一些ESG相關(guān)的證書和考試,其中大家熟悉度較高的幾個(gè)是:CFA協(xié)會的ESG Investing證書、GARP協(xié)會的SCR證書、EFFAS協(xié)會的CESGA證書、SASB協(xié)會的FSA證書。
CFA協(xié)會的ESG Investing證書(自2019年)
總共1個(gè)級別,通過后可以直接拿證
大綱內(nèi)容:2023年版跟2024年版的內(nèi)容和權(quán)重都是一樣的(9章,共500多頁)
1.Overview to ESG Investing and the ESG Market(8–15%)
2.Environmental Factors(8–15%)
3.Social Factors(8–15%)
4.Governance Factors(8–15%)
5.Engagement and stewardship(5%~10%)
6.ESG Analysis,Valuation and Integration(20%~30%)
7.ESG integrated portfolio construction and management(10%~20%)
8.Investment mandates,portfolio analytics and client reporting(5%~10%)
考試時(shí)長:2小時(shí)20分鐘,100道選擇題,目前大陸只有線上考試
通過率:60%~70%
考試費(fèi)用:$795,2024年漲價(jià)到$895,重考費(fèi)從$595到$690(2023年12月31日前注冊可以享有2023年考費(fèi))
官方推薦備考時(shí)間:100+小時(shí)和6個(gè)月
考期:一年多次,隨時(shí)注冊隨時(shí)可考
GARP協(xié)會的SCR證書(自2020年)
大綱內(nèi)容:(8章,200多頁)
1.Foundations of Climate Change:What is Climate Change?
2.Sustainability
3.Climate Change Risk
4.Sustainability and Climate Policy,Culture,and Governance
5.Green and Sustainable Finance:Markets and Instruments
6.Climate Risk Measurement and Management
7.Climate Models and Scenario Analysis
8.Net Zero
考試時(shí)長:3小時(shí)完成考試,80道選擇題,機(jī)考
通過率:52%~55%
考試費(fèi)用(參考):
非會員 | 個(gè)人會員 | 注冊FRM/ERP | |
早鳥價(jià) | $650 | $550 | $525 |
標(biāo)準(zhǔn) | $750 | $650 | $625 |
官方推薦備考時(shí)間:100~130小時(shí)
考期:1年2次,可在4月和10月的9天時(shí)間內(nèi)舉行
SASB協(xié)會的FSA證書(自2015年)
總共2個(gè)級別,2級必須在1級通過后才可以考(1個(gè)級別200多頁,2級加起來共500多頁):
Level 1大綱內(nèi)容:
PART I:THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABILITY ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
1.Demand for Sustainability Information
2.The Historical Basis for Disclosure
3.The Shortcomings of Financial Disclosure
4.Sustainability Disclosure Guidance Among Global Jurisdictions
5.The Sustainability Disclosure Ecosystem
6.Materiality Throughout Global Jurisdictions
PART II:UNDERSTANDING SASB STANDARDS
7.Introduction to SASB Standards
8.Setting SASB Standards:Identifying Disclosure Topics and Metrics
9.How Companies Disclose Using SASB Standard
PART III:USING SASB STANDARDS
10.Corporate Use
11.Investor Use
Level 2大綱內(nèi)容:
PART I:IDENTIFYING THE SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES RELEVANT TO FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
1.How a Company’s Circumstances Influence Material Sustainability Issues
2.Understanding Sustainability Issues
3.Evaluating Sustainability Issues
PART II:EVALUATING THE COMPARABILITY OF SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION
4.Normalizing Data for More Effective Comparisons
5.Analyzing the Spread of Industry Performance
6.Considering Company-Specific Context
PART III:THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE AND VALUATION
7.Characterizing Financial Impact
8.Using Sustainability Data in Financial Valuation
9.Integrating ESG Beyond DCF
考試時(shí)長:120(Level 1,110道選擇題)+135分鐘(Level 2,13個(gè)案例的53道選擇題),目前大陸只有線上考試
考試費(fèi)用(參考):
非IFRS Alliance會員:$450(Level 1)+$650(Level 2)
IFRS Alliance會員:$400(Level 1)+$500(Level 2)
IFRS Alliance會員名單可以在這里查詢(看看你所在的公司有沒有,有的話可以省錢):https://www.ifrssustainabilityalliance.org/member-organisations/
官方推薦備考時(shí)間:60~100小時(shí)
考期:一年多次
EFFAS協(xié)會的CESGA證書(自2014年)
大綱內(nèi)容:(8章,200多頁)
Module 1.Recent Developments in ESG integration
Module 2.Regulatory environment
Module 3.ESG-Strategies
Module 4.Responsible Investing Across Asset Classes
Module 5.ESG Reporting
Module 6.ESG integration in the investment process
Module 7.ESG integration in fundamental research(Qualitative analysis)
Module 8.ESG integration in fundamental research(Quantitative analysis)
Module 9.Case study-ESG integration in the investment decision
Module 10.ESG Regional Developments
考試時(shí)長:2小時(shí)30分鐘完成考試,50%選擇題+50%案例題,機(jī)考
通過率:70%
考試費(fèi)用(參考):網(wǎng)課費(fèi)€1250+考試費(fèi)€250=€1,500,大約11560人民幣
官方推薦備考時(shí)間:80~120小時(shí)
考期:1年3次
目前ESG相關(guān)的證書種類很多,大致可分為兩大類:一類是內(nèi)容體系較為完善的,例如CFA協(xié)會的ESG證書、EFFAS的CESGA證書;另一類是ESG相關(guān)的具有側(cè)重性的證書,例如SASB協(xié)會的FSA證書,更側(cè)重財(cái)務(wù)領(lǐng)域,GARP協(xié)會的SCR證書,更側(cè)重風(fēng)控領(lǐng)域。
在選擇證書的時(shí)候,重點(diǎn)考慮兩個(gè)方面,一是看證書所學(xué)習(xí)的知識體系,除有明確的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域方面需求,一般選擇覆蓋面更廣的證書進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí);二是看證書認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)的社會知名度,像CFA協(xié)會的國際認(rèn)可度會更高,EFFAS則更專注于歐洲市場。
2021年ACCA新一輪備考工作即將開始,縱觀歷年的考試情況,PM科目的通過率并不是很理想,為了幫助大家順利通過考試,會計(jì)網(wǎng)接下來著重講解ACCA(PM科目)其考試范圍,以及相關(guān)考點(diǎn)分析。
考試范圍和形式
PM考試主要分為三大Sections。Section A,15道單項(xiàng)選擇題,每題2分,總分30分,考試內(nèi)容覆蓋了大綱所有的topic。Section B則通過3個(gè)cases更深入更詳細(xì)的來考察同學(xué)們對于知識點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用。每個(gè)case 5道客觀題,總共15題,每道2分,總分也是30分。側(cè)重考察了:Life cycle costing, Pricing, Variance analysis, Throughput accounting, Short-term decision。
最后,Section C總共是兩道主觀大題,分別是20分。Section C的話考官是給出既定范疇的,主要是集中在:Transfer Pricing, Performance measurement, Budgeting, CVP analysis, Limiting factor analysis, Short-term decision, Variance analysis。
考點(diǎn)分析
曾經(jīng)有同學(xué)把F階段其他科目都考完了再回過頭來考PM, 可見PM考試在同學(xué)們的心中有多么“神(ke)圣 (pa)”了,那么他們的心結(jié)在哪里呢,就是PM是F階段通過率比較低的一門課程。于是一開始就在心理上給自己套上了一個(gè)緊箍咒 “PM好難”,也正因?yàn)檫@樣一種心理讓自己失去了好好學(xué)習(xí)PM的動(dòng)力。我覺得在心態(tài)上面同學(xué)們要擺正位置,戰(zhàn)略上要藐視,戰(zhàn)術(shù)上要重視它方能幫你攻克難關(guān)。下面我們就來談?wù)劜捎檬裁礃拥膽?zhàn)術(shù)來應(yīng)對。
首先 Section A和 Section B都是客觀選擇題占比60%, Section C占比40%,而Section C對于同學(xué)來講是有難度的,因?yàn)檫@部分不僅僅要求大家對知識點(diǎn)融會貫通,還要提出自己的見解,極度考驗(yàn)大家的英文表達(dá)能力。所以我們應(yīng)當(dāng)先在客觀選擇題上下功夫,主觀題是錦上添花的部分。如果在客觀選擇題上能夠拿滿40分,那么后面主觀大題的壓力就會小很多,你只需要拿滿10分就可以順利pass了。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)有60%的客觀選擇題都和計(jì)算有關(guān),所以保證計(jì)算題的正確率就能提高同學(xué)們客觀選擇題的得分率。而且計(jì)算題一直是中國學(xué)生的強(qiáng)項(xiàng),同學(xué)們要多練習(xí)讓計(jì)算題成為你們的拿分項(xiàng),盡量減少計(jì)算題出錯(cuò)。根據(jù)9月份及以往考情報(bào)告,我給大家總結(jié)了經(jīng)??嫉接?jì)算的一些知識點(diǎn):
Absorption costing & Activity-Based Costing
一般會讓考生用AC或者ABC的方式計(jì)算出某一產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本 (Production cost per unit)??键c(diǎn)一:Cost driver和OAR的計(jì)算,考點(diǎn)二:Production cost per unit = DM+DL+VO+ Absorbed FO / Total product units
Target Costing & Life Cycle Costing
目標(biāo)成本法和生命周期成本法結(jié)合在一起考的形式在以往的考試中出現(xiàn)過多次。
考點(diǎn)一:target cost = target selling price – profit margin*target selling price, 然后用生命周期成本法計(jì)算一下產(chǎn)品生命周期中的總的projected cost, 最后計(jì)算target cost gap per unit.
考點(diǎn)二:將profit margin改成operating margin,然后要求同學(xué)們計(jì)算cost gap. 有的同學(xué)對于operating margin很陌生。其實(shí)就是operating margin = (operating profit/sales revenue)*100%。
Throughput Accounting
考點(diǎn)一:TPAR的計(jì)算,考點(diǎn)二:利用throughput per bottleneck resource來對產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行排序,最終合理分配稀缺資源并制定出最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃, 實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤的最大化。
CVP analysis
涉及大量的公式像盈虧平衡點(diǎn),安全邊際,加權(quán)平均的盈虧平衡和圖表的靈活應(yīng)用。考點(diǎn)一:單一和多種產(chǎn)品下,計(jì)算盈虧平衡點(diǎn),目標(biāo)利潤所需的銷量/銷售收入,MOS (安全邊際),考點(diǎn)二:固定成本呈階梯式變化時(shí),盈虧平衡點(diǎn)的計(jì)算,考點(diǎn)三:單位變動(dòng)成本發(fā)生變動(dòng)時(shí),計(jì)算盈虧平衡點(diǎn)。后兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)是同學(xué)們的計(jì)算的難點(diǎn),關(guān)鍵是要靈活運(yùn)用C/S ratio和V/S ratio。
Limiting Factor Analysis
這一部分是考試的難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)!!!考點(diǎn)一:在單一限制性因素下,計(jì)算contribution per scarce resource for each product, 據(jù)此對產(chǎn)品排序,進(jìn)而分配稀缺資源,制定出最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃??键c(diǎn)二:在單一限制性因素下,如何做make or buy的決策,關(guān)鍵在于理解和運(yùn)用Extra variable cost of buying for hour saved??键c(diǎn)三:多個(gè)限制性因素下,利用Linear programming (線性規(guī)劃),制定最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃??键c(diǎn)四:限制性因素的Shadow price和總價(jià)的計(jì)算
Pricing Decision
這個(gè)topic要考察的內(nèi)容比較簡單也容易掌握,一般來講屬于送分題不應(yīng)該出錯(cuò)??键c(diǎn)一:建立Demand function。然后根據(jù)MR=MC=VC的原理,計(jì)算出產(chǎn)品最優(yōu)價(jià)格。考點(diǎn)二:需求的價(jià)格彈性??键c(diǎn)三:最優(yōu)價(jià)格的圖表法。
Relevant Costing
RC一直是同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn), 要求大家充分的理解RC定義的三個(gè)特征。考點(diǎn)一:在三個(gè)生產(chǎn)要素Material, labor, inventory在不同的狀態(tài)下應(yīng)當(dāng)如何計(jì)算相關(guān)成本。考點(diǎn)二:Make or buy decision,相關(guān)成本的計(jì)算。考點(diǎn)三:Shut -down decision相關(guān)成本計(jì)算和定性分析 考點(diǎn)四:Further processing decision 的相關(guān)成本計(jì)算。
Risk and Uncertainty
考點(diǎn)一:sensitivity analysis, 考點(diǎn)二:maximax, maximin, minimax regret法下如何做最優(yōu)選擇??键c(diǎn)三:decision tree??键c(diǎn)四:計(jì)算完美信息的價(jià)值。
Budgetary System
預(yù)算部分最有可能出冷門的計(jì)算題??键c(diǎn)一:如何將預(yù)算調(diào)整成為flexed budget。并結(jié)合planning和 operational variance來出題??键c(diǎn)二:編制rolling或者flexible budget。
Quantitative analysis in budgeting
考點(diǎn)一:用High-low method將total cost分離成FC和VC??键c(diǎn)二:Learning effect的圖表法和代數(shù)法的計(jì)算。
Variance Analysis
考點(diǎn)一:PM要求同學(xué)們會熟練計(jì)算material mix and yield variance, sales mix and quantity variance, 考點(diǎn)二:針對以上幾組差異計(jì)算它們的operational和planning variance。.
Applications of performance management
這個(gè)章節(jié)涉及的計(jì)算主要是ROI vs. RI, 和transfer pricing。
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
CFA一級notes一共有五本,以編者為美國開普蘭公司,出版發(fā)行是中信出版集團(tuán)股份有限公司出版的CFA一級notes為例,五本notes具體包括:
BOOK1:Quantitative Methods and Economics
BOOK2:Financial Statement Analysis
BOOK3:Corporate Issuers and Equity Investments
BOOK4:Fixed Income,Derivatives,and Alternative Investments
BOOK5:Portfolio Management and Ethical and Professional Standards
點(diǎn)擊即可免費(fèi)領(lǐng)取CFA備考資料包> >
CFA一級notes介紹
通常所說的Notes的全稱是“Schweser Notes for CFA LEVEL”。這是一套由美國著名教育機(jī)構(gòu)Kaplan出版的輔導(dǎo)書籍,是針對CFA較傳統(tǒng),歷史較長的輔導(dǎo)書,并非協(xié)會官方出版。通常是5本書加公示表,Notes會更側(cè)重相應(yīng)知識點(diǎn)的解析,更適合復(fù)習(xí)迎考。一般讀書自學(xué)的人,都要用這本。
CFA一級notes套餐還包含的內(nèi)容
1、CFA公式表
總結(jié)提煉考綱的公式和概念,三折頁銅版紙印刷,便于攜帶,隨時(shí)隨地復(fù)習(xí)
2、Qbank節(jié)選題庫
Kaplan研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)集數(shù)十年經(jīng)驗(yàn),專門為CFA考試開發(fā)的題庫,套餐包含800道題以及答案和解析,部分題目帶視頻講解。
3、CFA備考指導(dǎo)攻略
?。?)CFA自學(xué)備考策略視頻
(2)Kaplan CFA備考產(chǎn)品介紹視頻
?。?)CFA備考指南
4、Kaplan Notes聽書版
Notes朗讀版,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美語,語速適中,既可以幫助加深知識點(diǎn)的理解和記憶,又可以提高英語水平。
5、知識卡
涵蓋Kaplan教研團(tuán)隊(duì)精心提煉的知識點(diǎn)講解和備考公式,是復(fù)習(xí)階段梳理知識點(diǎn)、記憶公式、查漏補(bǔ)缺的備考利器??上螺d使用。
CFA一級notes學(xué)習(xí)順序
根據(jù)歷年的考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看,cfa notes的閱讀順序一般為:Equity(股票),F(xiàn)ixed Income(固定收益產(chǎn)品),Alternative Investment(另類投資),Portfolio Management(投資組合管理)。
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acca的sbl科目主要內(nèi)容包括:領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力Leadership;財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃Finance Planning;組織控制Organizational Control;治理Governance;策略Strategy;數(shù)據(jù)分析Data Analysis;風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測評Risk;科學(xué)技術(shù)Technology;商務(wù)決策Decision Making。
sbl科目是《商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略領(lǐng)袖》,是P階段的第一門考試科目,學(xué)習(xí)的領(lǐng)域非常廣泛。
一、清楚自己的定位
清楚自己的定位主要是包括兩個(gè)方面:認(rèn)識自己的長處和短處。例如,有些學(xué)生可能理解得比較快,但印象不深刻,應(yīng)該安排讀幾遍書來增強(qiáng)記憶力。有的學(xué)生閱讀速度慢,但只能記住一次的常識點(diǎn)。確定你考試的目標(biāo)。只是為了得到高分還是僅僅為了得到高分。ACA考試是非常集中和定期的。如果你只是想,把焦點(diǎn)放在問題上。如果你想得高分,就應(yīng)該多花點(diǎn)精力在書本上,努力拓展知識的深度和廣度。
二、科學(xué)安排時(shí)間
ACCA是場持久戰(zhàn),本人不主張進(jìn)行臨時(shí)抱佛腳,每天看一小時(shí),持續(xù)的看,效果可以更好。每個(gè)人備考工作情況也不一樣,但至少我們每天都要抽一個(gè)比較小時(shí)出來活動(dòng)安排他們學(xué)習(xí)。而且企業(yè)要把做什么事記錄分析清楚。
三、思維導(dǎo)圖
ACCA課程知識點(diǎn)含量特別大,又比較繁雜,但是大部分是有體系有關(guān)聯(lián)的,因此思維導(dǎo)圖是很效的學(xué)習(xí)方法,有助于理解也方便記憶
四、重視真題
在我備考的過程中,基本實(shí)現(xiàn)全程管理都是拿真題練手,主要需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):大量做、重復(fù)、通過及時(shí)總結(jié)。做很多不用多說,基本從F1到P6,基本問題的數(shù)量是必不可少的,做題的過程就是對知識點(diǎn)加深理解的一個(gè)過程。
除了sbl科目外,考試科目還有《SBR戰(zhàn)略商業(yè)報(bào)告》、《F1商業(yè)與科技》、《F2管理會計(jì)》、《F3財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)》、《F4公司法與商法》、《F5業(yè)績管理》、《F6稅務(wù)》、《F7財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告》、《F8審計(jì)與認(rèn)證業(yè)務(wù)》、《F9財(cái)務(wù)管理》、《P4高級財(cái)務(wù)管理》、《P5高級業(yè)績管理》、《P6高級稅務(wù)》、《P7高級審計(jì)與認(rèn)證業(yè)務(wù)》。