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    文章ACCA(FM)科目備考要點,答題時要注意什么?
    2021-06-29 14:47:56 451 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試里,各科目的試卷題目信息量是非常大的,面對著各種文字,各種報表,有些考生根本就不知道該從什么點開始寫,對此,會計網針對FM科目,為大家詳解答題時的一些小技巧,希望有所幫助。

    ACCA(FM)科目備考要點

      答題技巧

      1) 拿到一個近一頁半A4紙的案例分析,同學們可以先花2秒冷靜一下,平復心情。

      然后細心先把問題(案例分析最后的問題)一個單詞一個單詞的讀完。注意看問題中的動詞,比如calculate,discuss,evaluate等等。如果是后兩者,這表明題目的大部分分數是在文字討論上而非計算。

      例如:Jungle Co的題目“Discuss the financial and non-financial performance of Jungle Co for the year ending 31 August 20X6. ” 考察重點在“討論”而非“計算”,所以計算只有7分,文字討論13分。

      2) 一定要讀完全部案例,聯系案例中所給的全部信息為自己做一個答題計劃。

      答題計劃

      I. 找到你想要計算的數據,比如:sales,profit,profit margins等等,用高光筆在題目中標記出來。

      II. 找到你要用來做比較的標準,比如:當前的數據是與前一個時期比較?與目標進行比較?與行業平均值進行比較?與競爭對手比較?等等

      III. 計算差異或變化,比如:投訴率從6%增加到12%,在陳述發生的變化時不應該說投訴率增加了6%,而是應該說投訴率比上一期增加了100%。要突出的是一個相對的變化,而非絕對數值。同樣地,如果收入從$1million變為$2million,應該陳述的變化是百分比的形式,增長了100%。

      IV. 基于計算結果給出自己的意見:為什么會發生這樣的變化?給出可能的原因。這里的“可能的原因”是要聯系案例分析的,如果不能聯系案例信息而憑空捏造是不會得分的。比如,Jungle Co 在household revenue上出現了5.3%的下滑,這有可能是因為從Slabak進口的產品質量不良導致的。這些都是案例分析已經給的現成答案。

      每個數據的分析都要重復II,III,IV步驟,直到你把你想分析的數據都做完。

      V. 文章的最后別忘了寫一個兩句話的總結,總結就是直接回答問題,不需要再計算,直接回答這個公司到底是做好了還是沒做好。

      英文該如何表述

      同學們可以先看看Jungle Co這道題的官方答案

      (https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-students/acca/f5/exampapers/f5-2016-sep-a.pdf.pdf)

      要寫成參考答案這樣子,是不可能的,至少對于99.9%的PM中國考生來說,是不可能的,排除極少數考ACCA的雅思9分大神。ACCA官方也沒有期盼大家寫成標準答案的樣子。以下這份Jungle Co的答案是官方technical article中所說的“good answer”. 大家可以先看看:

      計算:

    ACCA(FM)科目備考要點

      討論:

      15% increase in total revenue

      This is a good sign. It shows that Jungle Co is selling more units because 'prices are stable', and/or the new cloud service is expanding. But, we need a breakdown of revenue to understand this (see below).

      32.7% increase in net margin

      This is excellent sign. It’s linked to the lower cost of sales from Slabak imports and the launch of cloud computing, which is probably a higher-margin product (for example, no distribution costs for IT services).

      60.5% increase in admin expenses

      This is a problem because admin costs are usually fixed. This is linked to the big increase in customer service costs, which, in turn, is probably related to the lower quality of the new supplier which is causing more complaints (see below).

      5.3% drop in household goods revenue

      This is a worrying sign – it could be linked to the possible drop in quality from the Slabak imports.

      28.3% change in electronic goods revenue

      This is another positive signal. It shows that Jungle is outperforming the average market growth of 20%, which means they are gaining market share.

      225% increase in late deliveries

      This is a major problem. It‘s linked to the move to in-house logistics. Clearly Jungle Co can’t match the quality of the external, international suppliers. Jungle Co needs to address this as it threatens future growth of the business.

      300% increase in % of customers who complain

      This is another major problem. It’s linked to both the outsourcing of production to Slabak, and the move to in-house logistics (mentioned above). Clearly Jungle Co has serious internal process problems that will negatively affect their reputation.

      Overall

      We see mostly good news from the financial indicators: sales, margins, and profits are generally increasing. However, the non-financial information paints a different picture as we see serious problems emerging with Jungle Co’s quality and logistics. Jungle Co needs to address these issues if they want their financial success to continue in the long term.

      我們首先來看看關于數據變化的分析是怎么寫的。每一個數據改變都用一個自然段來寫,這樣會很清晰,容易拿分。首先,用你計算出來的改變量作為標題,比如“15% increase in total revenue”。其次,給出你的意見,這個改變是好是壞?,比如“This is a good sign”,這個觀點本身是不得分的,一定要解釋原因,比如“It shows that Jungle Co is selling more units because 'prices are stable', and/or the new cloud service is expanding. But, we need a breakdown of revenue to understand this (see below).” 圖解如下:

    ACCA(FM)科目備考要點

      如果想拿滿分,題目中出現的所有數據都應該全部計算變化差異,然后每一個都分析作答,但PM考試時間很緊張,大部分同學時間都不夠用,很多同學也是抱著“求過”的心態在考試,所以,應該有選擇地挑一些數據作答。

      數據應該怎么挑呢?大致應該遵循以下原則:

      1. 看calculation的分值,比如,Jungle Co計算7分,那就挑7個數據,正如”good answer”也只用了7個數據。

      2. 7個數據應該來自不同的績效評估領域,比如:財務/非財務,生產成本/管理成本。如果有N種產品的收入成本數據細分,應該每種產品挑一兩個數據。例如,“good answer”中挑選的7個指標都是分布在以上各個領域當中的。因為考試評分是按照各個評估的領域來給分的,比如“一個領域最高4分”,所以,這種方式可以幫助“求過”的同學盡可能多拿分數。對于大神級別的同學,請逐個數據一一作答,畢竟,你背負著老師和同學的希望。

      對于文章最后的conclusion,同學們可用兩句話總結之前計算的數據, 如“good answer”中的 “overall,…”。

      最后再說一些考試的評分標準,ACCA考試適用“own figure rule”,也就是說,如果你某一步的計算錯誤是由于之前的數據算錯了導致的,這一步不會扣分,只會扣最開始算出錯那一步的分,所以,寶寶們不要浪費時間在檢查數據上,即便你覺得自己算錯了,就用錯的數據進行討論吧,我相信大多數人考試時間是很緊張的。

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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    IS曲線上的任意一點都表示()達到均衡狀態。
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    IS曲線上的點所對應的均衡是()。
    文章ACCA(FA)高頻考點詳解,discount的會計處理
    2021-09-10 11:14:59 663 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試中,折扣知識點可是FA科目非常重要的一個內容,本文會通過例題的形式幫助大家理解和掌握discount的會計處理和計算。

    ACCA(FA)高頻考點詳解

      01、Definitions

      Trade discount(商業折扣)

      A trade discount is a reduction in the list price. It is often given in return for bulk purchase order.

      在采購或者是銷售的時候就已經確定了是否會使用折扣

      Settlement discount (現金折扣)

      A settlement discount (cash discount) is a reduction of in the amount payable. It is often given in return for earlier payment.

      在采購或者是銷售發生的時候是不確定的,在付款日才確定是否會使用折扣。

      02、Accounting for discount

      Trade discount 商業折扣

      Trade discounts allowed should be deducted from the sales price.:直接在采購或者銷售的時候就減去

      Purchase站在采購方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Supplier A at a gross cost of $100, and receives a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Purchase 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Payable 95 (100-100*5%)

      Sale 站在銷售方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Customer B at a gross cost of $100, and offer a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Receivables 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Sales 95 (100-100*5%)

      cash discount 現金折扣

      現金折扣的處理分為discount received和 discount allowed:

      For buyer (discount received):

      At transaction date, record full invoiced amount. If subsequently take the discount, then the discount received is recorded as an income.

      站在采購方的角度,如果后續使用了現金折扣,那么就記錄一個收入discount received。

      For seller (discount allowed):

      If a customer is expected to take up a cash/settlement discount, the discount is deducted from sales revenue. If the customer subsequently does not take up the discount, the discount is then recorded as sales revenue.

      站在買方的角度,處理較為復雜;首先在發生銷售時,如果企業預計客戶會接受現金折扣),則在記錄銷售時應確認收入減去此折扣。

      If the customer is not expected to take up the discount, the full invoiced amount is recognized as revenue when recording the sale.

      如果在發生銷售的時候,預計客戶不會使用現金折扣,那么就記錄銷售的時候就按照實際銷售的金額全額記錄。

      If the customer subsequently does take up the discount, revenue is then reduced by the discount.

      如果客戶后續使用了這個折扣,那么就要調整收入,從收入中將折扣減去。

      看定義對于同學們來說,還是非常容易混淆,所以接下來我們會通過一道例題,給大家展示不同情況下的會計處理和計算。

      03、例題


    ACCA(FA)高頻考點詳解

           接下來我們會分別展示站在銷售方A,和站在采購方B兩個不同的角度應該如何做會計處理:

      Accounting for customer B:discount received

      1. At 1 July 20x6. Initially record the purchase as follows 記錄采購:

      Dr Purchases 2000

      Cr Payable 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount(paid before 14 July 20x6)如果使用了現金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Discount received 80 (income) (2000*4%=80)

      3、If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續沒有使用現金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 2000

      Accounting for supplier A:discount allowed

      情景一:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will take the advantage of the early settlement discount銷售的時候預計客戶會使用現金折扣:

      Dr Receivable 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Sales 1920

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6)如果客戶后續確實使用了現金折扣

      Dr Cash 1920

      Cr Receivable 1920

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續客戶沒有使用現金折扣,這時候要調整我們之前記錄的銷售,之前認為銷售的金額是減去了折扣的,所以現在要調增:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 1920

      Cr Sales 80

      情景二:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will NOT take the advantage of the early settlement discount 銷售的時候預計客戶不會使用折扣:

      Dr Receivable 2000

      Cr Sales 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6) 如果后續客戶使用了這個折扣,調整之前確認的銷售:

      Dr Cash 1920

      Dr Sale 80

      Cr receivable 2000

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6) 如果后續客戶沒有使用這個折扣:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 2000

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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    文章ACCA(FA)科目考點講解:discount的會計處理和計算
    2021-06-30 14:46:57 3510 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試里,discount一直都是FA科目中一個非常重要的高頻考點內容,對此,會計網將會以例題的形式為大家重點講解關于discount的會計處理和計算。

    ACCA(FA)科目考點講解

      01、Definitions

      Trade discount(商業折扣)

      A trade discount is a reduction in the list price. It is often given in return for bulk purchase order.

      在采購或者是銷售的時候就已經確定了是否會使用折扣

      Settlement discount (現金折扣)

      A settlement discount (cash discount) is a reduction of in the amount payable. It is often given in return for earlier payment.

      在采購或者是銷售發生的時候是不確定的,在付款日才確定是否會使用折扣

      02、Accounting for discount

      Trade discount 商業折扣

      Trade discounts allowed should be deducted from the sales price.:直接在采購或者銷售的時候就減去

      Purchase站在采購方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Supplier A at a gross cost of $100, and receives a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Purchase 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Payable 95 (100-100*5%)

      Sale 站在銷售方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Customer B at a gross cost of $100, and offer a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Receivables 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Sales 95 (100-100*5%)

      cash discount 現金折扣

      現金折扣的處理分為discount received和 discount allowed:

      For buyer (discount received):

      At transaction date, record full invoiced amount. If subsequently take the discount, then the discount received is recorded as an income.

      站在采購方的角度,如果后續使用了現金折扣,那么就記錄一個收入discount received。

      For seller (discount allowed):

      If a customer is expected to take up a cash/settlement discount, the discount is deducted from sales revenue. If the customer subsequently does not take up the discount, the discount is then recorded as sales revenue.

      站在買方的角度,處理較為復雜;首先在發生銷售時,如果企業預計客戶會接受現金折扣),則在記錄銷售時應確認收入減去此折扣。

      If the customer is not expected to take up the discount, the full invoiced amount is recognized as revenue when recording the sale.

      如果在發生銷售的時候,預計客戶不會使用現金折扣,那么就記錄銷售的時候就按照實際銷售的金額全額記錄。

      If the customer subsequently does take up the discount, revenue is then reduced by the discount.

      如果客戶后續使用了這個折扣,那么就要調整收入,從收入中將折扣減去。

      看定義對于同學們來說,還是非常容易混淆,所以接下來我們會通過一道例題,給大家展示不同情況下的會計處理和計算。

      03、例題

    ACCA(FA)科目考點講解

      接下來我們會分別展示站在銷售方A,和站在采購方B兩個不同的角度應該如何做會計處理:

      Accounting for customer B:discount received

      1. At 1 July 20x6. Initially record the purchase as follows 記錄采購:

      Dr Purchases 2000

      Cr Payable 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount(paid before 14 July 20x6)如果使用了現金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Discount received 80 (income) (2000*4%=80)

      3、If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續沒有使用現金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 2000

      Accounting for supplier A:discount allowed

      情景一:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will take the advantage of the early settlement discount銷售的時候預計客戶會使用現金折扣:

      Dr Receivable 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Sales 1920

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6)如果客戶后續確實使用了現金折扣

      Dr Cash 1920

      Cr Receivable 1920

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續客戶沒有使用現金折扣,這時候要調整我們之前記錄的銷售,之前認為銷售的金額是減去了折扣的,所以現在要調增:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 1920

      Cr Sales 80

      情景二:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will NOT take the advantage of the early settlement discount 銷售的時候預計客戶不會使用折扣:

      Dr Receivable 2000

      Cr Sales 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6) 如果后續客戶使用了這個折扣,調整之前確認的銷售:

      Dr Cash 1920

      Dr Sale 80

      Cr receivable 2000

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6) 如果后續客戶沒有使用這個折扣:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 2000

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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    文章ACCA(SBL科目)注意點講解,附備考攻略
    2020-11-25 15:10:56 779 瀏覽

      2020年ACCA12月考季即將來臨,在眾多學科當中,SBL一直都是考生比較難理解、學習的科目,對此,會計網就針對SBL科目,為大家講解下備考時的注意要點。

    ACCA(SBL科目)注意點講解

      CSR/ Sustainability/ IR

      核心理念是一致的,需要大家記住公司不僅要對股東shareholders負責,對財務利益負責,而且要對各個利益相關者stakeholders負責。這就包括對客戶(產品質量、滿意度)、對員工(就業機會、培訓發展、滿意度、周轉率)、對供應商(長期穩定、質量保證、價格合理、行為規范)、對社區(創造就業機會,促進經濟增長)、對環境(減少碳排放、廢物可循環)負責。

      IR作為報告披露框架,需要披露包括財務資本在內的整體六項資本,展示公司是如何創造價值,以及公司具體經營業績表現如何。記憶要點如下:

      (1)IR報告的內容,六項資本(參考講義)。

      (2)IR報告向各個利益相關者提供信息,從而有效地與各個利益相關者溝通。幫助各個利益相關者做出有效決策,因為了解了更多、更全面的信息。畢竟,財務結果不是自動產生的,是公司在經營過程中、在各個利益相關者的利益平衡之間最終形成的。各個利益相關者需要的信息以及這些信息可以幫助做哪些決策可以參考2018_DEC_Q2(b)。

      (3)通過IR報告,可以有效地與股東以及各個利益相關者溝通。為什么說各個利益相關者如此重要,需要公司通過提供IR報告來有效溝通?或者說,通過向各個利益相關者提供IR報告是如何使公司獲益的?各個利益相關者(不僅是股東)可以了解公司是如何創造價值的、以及做得如何,尤其是如何能夠長期創造價值。這可以通過六項資本的相關信息來呈現。但是,公司經營得如何,表現在財務業績上結果如何,也取決于公司內部控制和風險管理。(一旦發生事故,不僅財務損失,聲譽也遭受損失,甚至可能使公司無法持續經營。)從根本上說,通過提供IR報告披露相關信息,增加透明度和信息對稱,改善對公司的信任和信心。獲得各個利益相關者的“社會許可”(society license),公司才可能長久地實現可持續發展。

      考官文章

      最新出的考官文章與時俱進,涉及到物聯網(Internet of Things)概念,總結如下幾個核心點,希望大家能夠記憶,以備做出相應的評論。

      (1) 網絡安全問題Security

      Security is always a concern. The development of application is not guaranteed by the development of security. In some cases, the threats from hacking could be serious.

      (2) 數據隱私以及保護Privacy and breaching data protection regulations

      The more devices and app used, the more is known about what the people is doing. This means the more capability and probability to predict and control people’s behaviors.

      Therefore, what is more concerned about is that whether the data collected about the person (customers) would be used to be against the person (customer).

      It is more important for the authority to have appropriate regulations on data and privacy protection. This is one major obstacles to hinder IoT development and application.

      (3) 平臺是一個整體的系統The overall platform system

      The overall platform is to consider the use of various hardware and software.

      Once one of the hardware or software is obsolete, whether it would disrupt or influence significantly the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall system.

      In addition, the cost to collect, store and process data might be very high.

      That whether the skilled labor and/or experts are sufficiently available to the market is also a critical issue.

      (4) 展望何時能夠成功落地The time horizons for successful implementation

      Currently, many apps have not been beyond the pilot stage. One major concern would be the overall IS infrastructure used by the companies, as it might be quite expensive to replace the current system.

      備考提醒

      1. 合理分配時間,每一道題目都要回答!每一道題目的每一個小問!不可以只答自己有優勢的題目或者自己喜歡的題目或者自己認為重要的題目。這個均(ku)衡(bi)的理念(well-balanced)體現在SBL方方面面——董事會成員要均衡,給高管的薪酬包要均衡,各個利益相關者的利益要均衡,那么作為SBLer們也必然需要有能力合理分配時間,做好規劃,每一道題目的每一個小問都能夠被均衡地分配合理的時間。

      2. 每一道題目的回答可能依據的來源是不同材料,也可能是主要依據某一份材料以及其它相關信息??傊?,認真閱讀題目,盡可能記住題目要求,帶著問題閱讀材料,注意識別材料中的細節,可能暗示從哪個角度來回答題目。

      3. 具體寫答案之前首先把格式分拿到手。規劃好答案的呈現,每一個小問,比如Q2(b),另起一個新的頁面,標注好題號,美觀大方先保證。答案內容可以根據實際情況,每一個小段落使用一個關鍵詞標明(Heading)這個小段落在談論什么?;旧?,一個能夠拿到2分的小段落需要漂亮的4句話。

      4. 文具袋:裝好身份證件、準考證、計算器(勿需贅述)。建議準備好至少4支筆。官方說明考試使用黑色圓珠筆(only black ball point pen)??梢詼蕚鋬芍缓谏珗A珠筆,一支書寫,一支備用。另外再準備兩支黑色中性筆,以防萬一。

      5. 考前至少一周開始調節生物鐘,保證充足睡眠,確保下午3-7點最佳狀態??荚嚠斕旌侠戆才棚嬍?,考前不要吃太飽,食物消化會影響腦力運轉。適當補充巧克力。

      溫馨寄語

      衷心祝福各位A考小能手:祝愿大家在SBL以及今后的學習工作生活道路上勇于攀登!不斷向前向上是為了更好地認識這個世界,成長為更理想狀態的自己!

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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    文章ACCA(F1)重難點講解,附備考攻略
    2021-07-06 14:14:16 845 瀏覽

      在日常備考過程中,很多同學都抱怨稱在F1科目里碰到了很多復雜難以理解的知識點,要翻其他書籍才能弄懂,對此,會計網今天給大家整理了F1階段的必會定義,幫助各位提高效率。

    ACCA(F1)重難點講解

      Organization

      Organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controlsits own performance and which has a boundary separating it from its environment.

      定義的重點:明確的分工、共同的目標、控制員工的表現、有明確的界限。

      Limited companies

      A limited company has a separate legal personality from its owners (shareholders). The shareholders can not normally be sued for the debts of the business unless they have given some personal guarantee. Their risk is generally restricted to the amount that they have invested in the company when they buy the shares. This is called limited liability.

      定義的重點:獨立的法律個體,風險只限定于投入的財產,不連累其他財產。

      Internal stakeholders

      Internal stakeholders are intimately connected to the organization, and their objectives are likely to have a strong influence on how it is run, such as employees, managers.

      定義的重點:與企業密切聯系的,對企業運營有重要的影響。舉例:企業的員工、領導者。

      Connected stakeholders

      Connectedstakeholders can be viewed as having a contractualrelationship outside the organization, such as shareholders; customers;suppliers; finance providers.The objective of satisfying shareholders is taken as the the prime objective whichthe management of the organization will need to fulfill, however, customers andfinanciers objectives must be met if the company is tosucceed.

      定義的重點:與企業有合同關系的,企業外部的,公司要滿足他們的需求。舉例:股東、客戶、供應商、機構投資者。

      External stakeholders

      External stakeholders include community at large; environmental pressure groups; government; trade union. This group will have quite diverse objectives and have varying ability to ensure that organization meets their objectives.

      定義的重點:企業外部的,企業要盡可能滿足他們的要求,與企業沒有合同關系。舉例:政府、社會上的各類團體組織、環境保護組織、監管機構。

      Primary/ secondary stakeholder

      Primary stakeholder has a contractual relationship with the org.

      定義的重點:與企業有合同關系的。舉例:Internal/ connected stakeholder。

      Secondary stakeholder not has a contractual relationship outside the org.

      定義的重點:與企業沒有合同關系的,舉例:external stakeholder。

      Microeconomics

      Microeconomics focuses on how theindividual partsof an economy make decisions about how to allocate scarce resources。

      定義的重點: 關注個體部分的發展,分配稀缺資源。

      Macroeconomics

      Macroeconomics is the study of the aggregated effort of the decisions of individual economic units. It looks at a complete national economy,or the international economic system as a whole.

      定義的重點:單個經濟體決策的集合影響,著眼于整個國家經濟體

      Inflation

      An increase in price levels generally; the decline in the purchasing power of money。

      定義的重點:持續地物價上漲,居民購買力下降。

      Fiscal policy

      Fiscal policy is a kind of government policy which focuses on taxation,public borrowing and public spending.

      定義的重點: 政府的政策。舉例:稅收、政府借款、政府開銷。

      Monetary policy

      Monetary policy is kind of government policy which uses money supply ,interest rates,exchange rates or credit control to influence aggregate demand.

      定義的重點: 政府的政策。舉例:貨幣供應、利率、匯率、信貸控制。

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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    試題單選題
    查看答案 >
    如果經濟活動處于IS曲線的右側區域,說明市場存在()。
    試題多選題
    查看答案 >
    IS-LM曲線和BP曲線相交于E點,交點E表明()處于均衡狀態。
    試題單選題
    查看答案 >
    貨幣均衡的基本原理中,IS曲線上的點表示()。
    試題單選題
    查看答案 >
    IS09000族標準是由ISO發布的,ISO的中文全稱是( )。
    試題單選題
    查看答案 >
    根據IS-LM曲線,在LM曲線上的任何一點,都表示( &nbsp; )處于均衡狀態。
    文章ACCA高頻考點解析:審計風險
    2021-06-15 14:29:38 725 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試中,審計風險知識點基本上每年都會出現在考卷里,同時也是考生們經常失分的考點內容,接下來會計網今天就跟大家詳解審計風險相關知識考點。

    ACCA高頻考點解析:審計風險

      01、考試形式:Audit risk的定義題

      如果遇到了這樣的題目,只能拿出自己的看家本領,就是一個字,背!只要記住了定義就可以拿分。

      第一步:audit risk本身的定義

      Audit risk is the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements arematerially misstated.

      第二步:審計風險的組成部分AR=IR*CR*DR=ROMM*DR

      Audit risk is a function of two main components being the risks of material misstatement and detection risk.

      Risk of material misstatement is made up of two components, inherent risk and control risk.

      第三步:分別描述IR,CR,DR的定義

      Inherent risk is the susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before consideration of any related controls.

      Control risk is the risk that a misstatement which could occur in an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and which could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s internal control.

      Detection risk is the risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement which exists and which could be material,either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements. Detection risk is affected by sampling and non-sampling risk.

      02、考試形式:Audit risks and responses

      審計風險的題目是必考題目,在尋找審計風險的時候會涉及到多個科目,以下是部分??紝徲嬶L險的總結:

      ??紲蕜t1:IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment(PPE)

      (1) 如果PPE發生了維修費用,那么這個費用到底是資本化還是費用化,有分類錯誤的風險,所以我們可以看這些成本的明細,以此來確保分類是正確的。(2) 只有我們收到了PPE以后,他才可能作為我們的資產,如果是在途的話,就還不能成為我們的資產,所以可能導致資產高估,同時,只有資產是處于可用的狀況下才開始計提折舊。

      ??紲蕜t2:IAS 2 Inventories

      (1) 存貨的計量是從NRV和cost之間孰低來進行衡量,如果有存貨的減值跡象使得NRV可能低于cost的話,我們就要注意可能存在audit risk(2) 存貨盤點中容易出錯,例如關于永續盤存法的題目可以多練習一些

      ??紲蕜t3:IAS 38 Intangible Assets

      (1) R&D研發費用中可能存在分類錯誤的風險,research階段都是費用化,development階段中只有滿足了資本化條件的才能夠資本化。(2) 無形資產中存在攤銷費用,所以攤銷的數量方面的計算可能會出錯。

      ??紲蕜t4:IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

      (1) 如果涉及到法律官司,裁員等,可能需要計提預計負債,因為預計負債會涉及管理層的主觀評估,所以風險會更高點,很可能導致負債低估。(2) 只有同時滿足了provision的三個確認條件才能夠被確認為provision,只要有一個條件沒有滿足就是contingent liability。

      其他常見審計風險1:bank loan

      (1) 向銀行貸款,也會涉及分類的風險,也就是在current liabilities and non-current liabilities之間(2) 會涉及到finance charge,利息費用,或者是我們的融資成本

      其他常見審計風險2:new client

      如果被審計單位是新的,那么可能事務所并不熟悉這家公司,導致detection risk。

      來源:ACCA學習幫

    展開全文
    文章2021年ACCA高頻考點講解:審計風險
    2021-03-19 14:33:13 1065 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試當中,審計風險同樣也是作為一個高頻考點出現在每年的試卷里,為了讓考生進一步理解該考點內容,下面會計網就跟大家詳細講解審計風險該知識點。

    2021年ACCA高頻考點講解

      01、考試形式:Audit risk的定義題

      如果遇到了這樣的題目,只能拿出自己的看家本領,就是一個字,背!只要記住了定義就可以拿分。

      第一步:audit risk本身的定義

      Audit risk is the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements arematerially misstated.

      第二步:審計風險的組成部分AR=IR*CR*DR=ROMM*DR

      Audit risk is a function of two main components being the risks of material misstatement and detection risk.

      Risk of material misstatement is made up of two components, inherent risk and control risk.

      第三步:分別描述IR,CR,DR的定義

      Inherent risk is the susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before consideration of any related controls.

      Control risk is the risk that a misstatement which could occur in an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and which could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s internal control.

      Detection risk is the risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement which exists and which could be material,either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements. Detection risk is affected by sampling and non-sampling risk.

      02、考試形式:Audit risks and responses

      審計風險的題目是必考題目,在尋找審計風險的時候會涉及到多個科目,以下是部分??紝徲嬶L險的總結:

      ??紲蕜t1:IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment(PPE)

      (1) 如果PPE發生了維修費用,那么這個費用到底是資本化還是費用化,有分類錯誤的風險,所以我們可以看這些成本的明細,以此來確保分類是正確的。(2) 只有我們收到了PPE以后,他才可能作為我們的資產,如果是在途的話,就還不能成為我們的資產,所以可能導致資產高估,同時,只有資產是處于可用的狀況下才開始計提折舊。

      ??紲蕜t2:IAS 2 Inventories

      (1) 存貨的計量是從NRV和cost之間孰低來進行衡量,如果有存貨的減值跡象使得NRV可能低于cost的話,我們就要注意可能存在audit risk(2) 存貨盤點中容易出錯,例如關于永續盤存法的題目可以多練習一些

      ??紲蕜t3:IAS 38 Intangible Assets

      (1) R&D研發費用中可能存在分類錯誤的風險,research階段都是費用化,development階段中只有滿足了資本化條件的才能夠資本化。(2) 無形資產中存在攤銷費用,所以攤銷的數量方面的計算可能會出錯。

      ??紲蕜t4:IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

      (1) 如果涉及到法律官司,裁員等,可能需要計提預計負債,因為預計負債會涉及管理層的主觀評估,所以風險會更高點,很可能導致負債低估。(2) 只有同時滿足了provision的三個確認條件才能夠被確認為provision,只要有一個條件沒有滿足就是contingent liability。

      其他常見審計風險1:bank loan

      (1) 向銀行貸款,也會涉及分類的風險,也就是在current liabilities and non-current liabilities之間(2) 會涉及到finance charge,利息費用,或者是我們的融資成本

      其他常見審計風險2:new client

      如果被審計單位是新的,那么可能事務所并不熟悉這家公司,導致detection risk。

      來源:ACCA學習幫

    展開全文
    文章ACCA核心考點內容:PV知識點講解
    2020-12-01 15:00:16 1216 瀏覽

      大家在備考ACCA時候,經常會遇到“present value”這個考點內容,大家也無法分清什么時候查復利現值系數表,什么時候查年金現值系數表,針對大家所出現的問題,會計網今天就跟各位講解下“present value”這個知識點。

    ACCA核心考點內容

      01、常見PV模型以及解決方法

      特點:

      1. 期初有一筆現金流流出(期初默認T=0時刻,現金流流出一般是指investment)

      2. 從第一年開始,每年都有一筆現金流流入

      3. 現金流流入發生在每年的期末

      每筆現金流入金額不等,單筆現金流折現問題

      1.每筆現金流通過復利現值系數分別折現=現金流*復利現值系數(r,n)

      2.復利現值系數在present value table中找,r為折現率,n為對應現金流到T=0時刻的年限

      3.NPV=每筆現金流的現值之和-期初投資額

      當每筆現金流入都相等且現金流入的年份是有限年份時,年金折現問題

      1.通過年金現值系數將所有年金往前折現一年,折現后的值=每年現金流金額*年金現值系數(r,n)

      2.年金現值系數在annuity table中找,r為折現率,n為年金數量,有幾筆年金,n就為幾

      3.NPV=每年現金流金額*年金現值系數(r,n)-期初投資額

      當每筆現金流都相等,但是現金流入的年份是無限年份(forever),永續年金折現問題

      1.通過公式把永續年金全部往前折現一年,折現后的值=每年現金流金額/r

      2.r是折現率

      3.NPV=每年現金流金額/r-期初投資額

      02、題目

      接下來,分別給三個題目讓大家練習一下:

      例1:An investment of $20,000 is expected to yield $5,000 in the first year, $10,000 in the second year, $8,000 in the third year. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity if the cost of capital is 5%

      NPV=5000*復利現值系數(5%,1)+10000*復利現值系數(5%,2)+8000*復利現值系數(5%,3)-20000

      =5000^0.952+10000^0.907+8000^0.864-20000=$742

      例2:An investment of $50,000 is expected to yield $5,000 for ten years. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity if the cost of capital is 5%.NPV=50000*年金現值系數(5%,10)-50000

      =5000^7.722-50000

           =-$11390

      例3:An investment of $50,000 is expected to yield $5,000 per annum in perprtuity. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity if the cost of capital is 5%.NPV=5000/5%-50000 =$50000

      以上,就是針對present value中三種常見問題的總結,希望對大家有所幫助。

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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    文章ACCA考試重要考點講解:審計風險
    2020-10-20 15:10:30 523 瀏覽

      根據歷年考試情況來看,“審計風險”一直都是ACCA考生的弱項,作為一個必考重點內容,各位考生有必要理解清楚“審計風險”這個考點,下面會計網就跟大家進行詳細講解。

    ACCA考試重要考點講解

      01、考試形式:Audit risk的定義題

      如果遇到了這樣的題目,只能拿出自己的看家本領,就是一個字,背!只要記住了定義就可以拿分。

      第一步:audit risk本身的定義

      Audit risk is the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements arematerially misstated.

      第二步:審計風險的組成部分AR=IR*CR*DR=ROMM*DR

      Audit risk is a function of two main components being the risks of material misstatement and detection risk.

      Risk of material misstatement is made up of two components, inherent risk and control risk.

      第三步:分別描述IR,CR,DR的定義

      Inherent risk is the susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before consideration of any related controls.

      Control risk is the risk that a misstatement which could occur in an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and which could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s internal control.

      Detection risk is the risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement which exists and which could be material,either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements. Detection risk is affected by sampling and non-sampling risk.

      02、考試形式:Audit risks and responses

      審計風險的題目是必考題目,在尋找審計風險的時候會涉及到多個科目,以下是部分??紝徲嬶L險的總結:

      ??紲蕜t1:IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment(PPE)

      (1) 如果PPE發生了維修費用,那么這個費用到底是資本化還是費用化,有分類錯誤的風險,所以我們可以看這些成本的明細,以此來確保分類是正確的。(2) 只有我們收到了PPE以后,他才可能作為我們的資產,如果是在途的話,就還不能成為我們的資產,所以可能導致資產高估,同時,只有資產是處于可用的狀況下才開始計提折舊。

      ??紲蕜t2:IAS 2 Inventories

      (1) 存貨的計量是從NRV和cost之間孰低來進行衡量,如果有存貨的減值跡象使得NRV可能低于cost的話,我們就要注意可能存在audit risk(2) 存貨盤點中容易出錯,例如關于永續盤存法的題目可以多練習一些

      ??紲蕜t3:IAS 38 Intangible Assets

      (1) R&D研發費用中可能存在分類錯誤的風險,research階段都是費用化,development階段中只有滿足了資本化條件的才能夠資本化。(2) 無形資產中存在攤銷費用,所以攤銷的數量方面的計算可能會出錯。

      ??紲蕜t4:IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

      (1) 如果涉及到法律官司,裁員等,可能需要計提預計負債,因為預計負債會涉及管理層的主觀評估,所以風險會更高點,很可能導致負債低估。(2) 只有同時滿足了provision的三個確認條件才能夠被確認為provision,只要有一個條件沒有滿足就是contingent liability。

      其他常見審計風險1:bank loan

      (1) 向銀行貸款,也會涉及分類的風險,也就是在current liabilities and non-current liabilities之間(2) 會涉及到finance charge,利息費用,或者是我們的融資成本

      其他常見審計風險2:new client

      如果被審計單位是新的,那么可能事務所并不熟悉這家公司,導致detection risk。

      那么今天的講解就到此結束啦~期待下次與大家相見~

      本文為ACCA學習幫原創文章,獨家版權歸于本平臺,受到原創保護。任何渠道的轉載請后臺留言聯系授權,侵權必究。

    展開全文
    文章2020年ACCA核心考點講解:discount的會計處理和計算
    2020-09-17 14:43:31 811 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試中,discount一向都是考試中核心難點內容,為了提高大家的得分率,下面會計網就通過一道例題,詳細為大家講解關于discount的會計處理和計算。

    2020年ACCA核心考點講解

    內容導航ACCA核心考點ACCA介紹
    ACCA報考條件ACCA成績查詢

      ACCA核心考點

      01、Definitions

      ◆ Trade discount(商業折扣)

      A trade discount is a reduction in the list price. It is often given in return for bulk purchase order.

      在采購或者是銷售的時候就已經確定了是否會使用折扣

      ◆ Settlement discount (現金折扣)

      A settlement discount (cash discount) is a reduction of in the amount payable. It is often given in return for earlier payment.

      在采購或者是銷售發生的時候是不確定的,在付款日才確定是否會使用折扣

      01、Accounting for discount

      ◆ Trade discount 商業折扣

      Trade discounts allowed should be deducted from the sales price.:直接在采購或者銷售的時候就減去

      ? Purchase站在采購方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Supplier A at a gross cost of $100, and receives a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Purchase 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Payable 95 (100-100*5%)

      ? Sale 站在銷售方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Customer B at a gross cost of $100, and offer a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Receivables 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Sales 95 (100-100*5%)

      ◆ cash discount 現金折扣

      現金折扣的處理分為discount received和 discount allowed:

      ? For buyer (discount received):

      At transaction date, record full invoiced amount. If subsequently take the discount, then the discount received is recorded as an income.

      站在采購方的角度,如果后續使用了現金折扣,那么就記錄一個收入discount received。

      ? For seller (discount allowed):

      If a customer is expected to take up a cash/settlement discount, the discount is deducted from sales revenue. If the customer subsequently does not take up the discount, the discount is then recorded as sales revenue.

      站在買方的角度,處理較為復雜;首先在發生銷售時,如果企業預計客戶會接受現金折扣),則在記錄銷售時應確認收入減去此折扣。

      If the customer is not expected to take up the discount, the full invoiced amount is recognized as revenue when recording the sale.

      如果在發生銷售的時候,預計客戶不會使用現金折扣,那么就記錄銷售的時候就按照實際銷售的金額全額記錄。

      If the customer subsequently does take up the discount, revenue is then reduced by the discount.

      如果客戶后續使用了這個折扣,那么就要調整收入,從收入中將折扣減去。

      看定義對于同學們來說,還是非常容易混淆,所以接下來我們會通過一道例題,給大家展示不同情況下的會計處理和計算。

      01、例題

    2020年ACCA核心考點講解

           接下來我們會分別展示站在銷售方A,和站在采購方B兩個不同的角度應該如何做會計處理:

      ? Accounting for customer B:discount received

      1. At 1 July 20x6. Initially record the purchase as follows 記錄采購:

      Dr Purchases 2000

      Cr Payable 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount(paid before 14 July 20x6)如果使用了現金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Discount received 80 (income) (2000*4%=80)

      3、If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續沒有使用現金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 2000

      ? Accounting for supplier A:discount allowed

      情景一:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will take the advantage of the early settlement discount銷售的時候預計客戶會使用現金折扣:

      Dr Receivable 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Sales 1920

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6)如果客戶后續確實使用了現金折扣

      Dr Cash 1920

      Cr Receivable 1920

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續客戶沒有使用現金折扣,這時候要調整我們之前記錄的銷售,之前認為銷售的金額是減去了折扣的,所以現在要調增:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 1920

      Cr Sales 80

      情景二:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will NOT take the advantage of the early settlement discount 銷售的時候預計客戶不會使用折扣:

      Dr Receivable 2000

      Cr Sales 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6) 如果后續客戶使用了這個折扣,調整之前確認的銷售:

      Dr Cash 1920

      Dr Sale 80

      Cr receivable 2000

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6) 如果后續客戶沒有使用這個折扣:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 2000

      ACCA介紹

      Acca是什么證書?

      ACCA被稱為會計師界的金飯碗,全稱是國際注冊會計師,聽名字就覺得很高大上有沒有?這個證書的確很牛逼,簡直是國際財會界的通行證,我們所知道的四大會計師事務所的員工,大部分都會選擇考取這個證書,因為ACCA證書被很多國家立法許可從事審計、投資顧問和破產執行工作,職業前景廣闊。

      acca考試科目有哪些?

      acca考試會分為兩個階段,第一個階段是基礎部分,主要有知識課程和技能課程兩個部分,知識課程主要涉及財務會計和管理會計方面的核心知識,也為接下去進行技能階段的詳細學習搭建了一個平臺。技能課程共有六門課程,廣泛的涵蓋了一名會計師所涉及的知識領域及必須掌握的技能。第二部分為專業階段,主要分為核心課程和選修(四選二)課程。該階段課程引入了作為未來的高級會計師所必須的更高級的職業技能和知識技能。具體課程包括專業會計師、公司報告、商務分析,選修課程會包括高級財務管理、高級業績管理、高級稅務、高級審計與認證業務等,要給大家提個醒的是該階段的課程相當于碩士階段的課程難度,小伙伴們備考的時候可要做好心里準備。

      acca考試時間

      從2016年開始,acca考試時間是一年4次,面對這么多教材,小伙伴們可以選擇一年考兩科,盡量不要讓自己壓力太大。

      總的來說,ACCA可是被世界高度認可的認證類證書,對于一心想在財會界發展的人士,在職業發展前景方面是比較可觀的,并且還會為您的職業道路帶來更加好的幫助。

      ACCA報考條件

      ACCA報名條件是什么?

      根據歷年官方所發布的通知顯示,每年的報考條件都基本上是一樣的,因此,2020年ACCA考試報名要求并不會存在任何變化。

      要求方面,ACCA考試并沒有考生們想象那樣的高,只需要具備大專以上學歷,就可以報名了。

      在校學生能報考ACCA嗎?

      有不少考生都想利用自己在大學期間的時間去報考ACCA,那么這樣行不行呢?

      關于這個問題,答案其實是可以的。在英國ACCA總部的規定里,對于大學一年級的學生就可以申請報名ACCA。申請成功后,學生在大一下學期就可以學習ACCA的相關課程、備考等一系列的內容。而在大學二年級的時候,考生們就可以根據自己的學習進度去報考ACCA的各科目進行考試,順利的話,大學四年級還未畢業基本上就已經拿到ACCA證書了。

      非專業考生能報考ACCA嗎?

      在每年報考ACCA人群中,也存在不少非專業的考生,關于能不能報考的問題,同樣也會有很多人去問。

      實際上,對于這類非專業的考生,同樣是能夠報考ACCA的,但唯一不足的地方,就是由于自己不是屬于經濟類專業,在學習、備考的過程中,比起專業考生來說學習起來有較大的難度。由于ACCA所涉及的知識內容會比較廣,如果沒有一定基礎,學習起來是非常艱難的,而對于這類非專業考生,小編建議還是報名網課培訓班,這樣學習起來也比較容易些。

      ACCA成績查詢

      ACCA考試成績什么時候公布?

      根據往年ACCA考試成績公布規律來看,ACCA官方通常會在考試后的第40天公布本次考試成績。

      考生如何查詢ACCA考試分數?

      方式1:通過email接收考試成績

      郵寄是關于考試成績官方的正式通知??荚嚨膬蓚€半月后,ACCA總部會發出相應郵件。郵局的工作速度也就決定了你收到郵件的時間。

      如果你想要快速查看自己的成績,沒有耐心等待。那么可以選擇登錄MY ACCA,通過email接收考試成績的方式。

      方式2:通過短信接收考試成績

      可以選擇登錄MY ACCA,通過SMS來接收成績。

      方式3:在線查詢考試成績

      在線查詢ACCA考試成績,這是多數考生的通用方式。具體怎么操作呢?具體如下所示:

      1、登錄ACCA官網(http://www.accaglobal.com/)——點擊左上角“My ACCA”

      2、點擊“My ACCA”——分別輸入會員ID、密碼——登錄個人賬戶

      3、登錄之后,如下圖,點擊左側菜單欄的“ EXAMS”,跳轉頁面后,點擊View your status report,即可查詢。

      ACCA拿證要求

      若想拿到ACCA證書,首先要注冊成為ACCA會員,報考時必須按照考試大綱設置的先后順序?;A階段的9門考試沒有時間限制,但是專業階段考試,從通過第一門專業階段考試之日算起,年限為7年。通過13門ACCA考試,即可獲得相應的ACCA準會員證書。另外,根據ACCA官方要求,若要成為一名合格的ACCA會員,除了考試及職業道德與技能模塊必須完成之外,還需要累計三年工作經驗。

    展開全文
    文章ACCA(F2)重難點詳解:時間序列
    2021-08-16 14:04:18 851 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試中,F2階段時間序列知識點一直都是比較重要且每年都會出現在試卷里,今天會計網就跟大家詳解這個知識點內容。

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      01、時間序列的組成部分,及局限性

      1.1)Time series can be broken down into 4 categories:

      a) Trend.(趨勢)

      Key words: underlying long-term movement

      √ 根據當下actual sales,通過數學計算得出大致銷售趨勢。

      即:默認現行趨勢在未來也適用。

      b) Seasonal variation.(季節性變動)

      Key words: short-term fluctuations

      affect results at different times of the year

      √ 在時間上不一定是按“季節”發生的偏差,可以是每天的或每周的有規律的偏差。

      即:短期內有規律的偏差都可歸為季節性變動。

      c) Cyclical variation.(周期性變動)

      Key words: longer time period

      √ 相對于季節性變動,它是長期的有規律的變動,比如:經濟周期。

      d) Random variation. (隨機性變動)

      Key words: unforeseen circumstances

      √ 通常不可預見,比如:政變、戰爭。

      由于是突發事件,所以在做預測時(forecasting)不考慮該元素。

      Ps:在F2中做Time series計算題時,不考慮Cyclical variation,到了P level才會涉及。

      1.2)時間序列計算的局限性源于3個前提假設

      a. a straight-line trend exists.

      b. seasonal variations are constant.

      c. what has happened in the past is a reliable guide to the future

      因此,如果事件的發生帶有不可預見性,則不適用這種方法。

      02、時間序列的組成部分——Trend計算

      第1步:用moving average方法平滑actual sales units注意:偶數的時間跨度比奇數的時間跨度多一步計算!a) 當時間跨度是奇數時(以3年時間跨度為例)

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      b) 當時間跨度是偶數時(以4年時間跨度為例)

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      第2步:actual sales units被平滑后,根據high-low method 求出Trend表達式,即:Y=a + b XY(因變量)=Trend,X(自變量)=時間,一個X代表一個時間跨度注意:時間是自變量,trend是因變量!所以根據high-low method的計算原則,先選出時間(X)最大值和最小值,再找到對應trend(Y)的值,求出表達值即可

      以第1步中3年時間跨度為例:假設20X1在X軸上代表1,往后每一年都依次共一個數字代表,則20X5 在X軸上代表5通過X找到對應Y的值,則得到兩個點(1,410);(5,470)求的Y=395+15X

      辨析:圖中傾斜向上的直線就是trend表達式在坐標軸上的體現。這條直線沒有具體的X范圍規定(即:時間序列計算的前提假設,暗含現在的趨勢以后仍將繼續)為了便于理解可以將時間序列分解成兩部分來看

           1)當下狀況(actual)

           圖中藍色曲線是actual units,根據前面兩個步驟的計算得到藍色傾斜直線。即:現有狀況下的趨勢

           2)預測未來(forecasting)

           圖中黑色傾斜直線,是藍色傾斜直線的延長線,延續現有趨勢,代表未來趨勢再根據給出的藍色粗實線調節對應季節性波動,得到黑色曲線 Forecasting figure

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      03、時間序列的組成部分——Trend + Seasonal variation計算

      涉及2元素:Y= Forecasting figure T= TrendS= Seasonal variation上圖中藍色實線,是在求出的trend上調整季節性波動,最終得到Forecasting figure(Y)a) 加法模型的計算公式Y = T + S例子1: Based on the last 15 periods the underlying trend of sales is y = 345.12 – 1.35x. If the 16th period has a seasonal factor of –23.62, assuming an additive forecasting model, what is the forecast for that period, in whole units?解:將x=16代入y = 345.12 – 1.35x,得到y=323.52.這里的y,就是trend。所以在加法模型中對應T=323.52又已知S=–23.62代入公式得到Y=323.52+(–23.62)=299.9

      b) 乘法模型的計算公式Y = T * S例子2: The trend for monthly sales ($Y) is related to the month (t) by the equation Y = 1,500 – 3t where t = 0 in the first month of 20X8. What are the forecast sales (to the nearest dollar) for the first month of 20X9 if the seasonal component for that month is 0.92 using a multiplicative model?解:這里t=0對應 20X8 month1,一年有12個月則20X9 month1,對應t=12 (12+0=12) 代入 Y = 1,500 – 3t,求的Y=1464,這里的Y,就是trend。所以在乘法模型中對應T=1464又已知S=0.92代入公式得到Y=1464*0.92=1346.88

      c) 兩種模型下季節性變動求和以一年為一個周期,中間有n個季節性波動時間點1) 加法模型∑ Δ S=0即:一年內,n個季節性波動相加=0例子3:The multiplicative quarterly seasonal variations for the time series were as follows:

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      以一年為一個周期,中間有4個季節性波動時間點,相加=00.82+1.41+?+(-1.09)=0求得?=-1.14 2) 乘法模型∑ Δ S=n即:一年內,n個季節性波動相加=n例子4:The multiplicative quarterly seasonal variations for the time series were as follows:

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      以一年為一個周期,中間有4個季節性波動時間點,相加=40.82+1.41+?+1.09=4求得?=0.68Ps :在乘法模型中不可能出現某個季節性波動系數是負的的情況

      04、Deseasonalization(去季節化因素)計算

      “seasonally adjusted”是”Deseasonalization”的同義詞辨析:該知識點可以理解為是以上知識點的逆向思維,不涉及forecasting即:已知actual units,和去季節化因素后,得到當下trend結合圖形理解:給出藍色曲線(actual units),和季節性波動系數(藍色粗實線),求藍色傾斜直線上的點

    ACCA(F2)重難點詳解

      加法模型:T=Y-S乘法模型:T=Y/SY =the actual sales units S =Seasonal variationT =seasonally adjusted trend = current trend例子5:In January, the unemployment in Ruritania is 567,800. If the seasonal factor using an additive time series model is +90,100, what is the seasonally-adjusted level of unemployment (to the nearest whole number)?加法模型:T=Y-S =567,800-90,100=477,700

      來源:ACCA學習幫

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