在ACCA考試中,時間管理一直都是AB科目里比較重點的高頻考點之一,很多同學在學習時都會抓不住當中的重點。對此,會計網(wǎng)今天通過一道典型的例題為大家詳細講解。
題目
Mindy does not feel she has enough hours in the day to deal with her workload. She typically identifies up to five important tasks at any one time, and is able to decide what has to be done and how to do it. She is good at her work and maintains absolute control of the quality of output of her department. Mindy is assisted by three very capable employees who respect her but often feel she is rather too involved in their work and does not seek their input often enough, even when they have time to help.
Which of the following actions would be of benefit to Mindy in improving her time management?
A. She should pass accountability for the quality of output to her assistants
B. She should ask her manager to reduce her workload
C. She should define the tasks which she has to perform more clearly
D. She should delegate more authority to her assistants
答案解析
答案:D
解析:這道題考查的是第18章時間管理的內(nèi)容,它主要講述了一個管理者在工作過程中遇到的各種問題,然后讓我們找出是因為哪種問題導致的她工作效率低下,并找出合適的措施。
本題題干的內(nèi)容大致分為三部分:第一部分說她同時可以確認出五件重要的事情要做,并決定如何完成;第二部分說他對企業(yè)產(chǎn)成品的質(zhì)量進行控制;第三部分說他有三位能力很強的助手,但是他沒有讓他的助手幫他分擔工作。
題目問以下哪項有益于Mindy改善她的時間管理?
A選項的意思是“她應該將產(chǎn)出品質(zhì)量的最終責任交給她的助手”,責任是不能被轉(zhuǎn)移給下屬的。
B選項的意思是“她應該讓她的領導減少她的工作量”,但對于Mindy來說,減少工作量并不是從根本上提高時間管理的效率。
C選項的意思是“她應該更明確自己必須履行的任務”,“She typically identifies up to five important tasks at any one time”,從題目中的這句話可以看出,Mindy已經(jīng)很明確自己應該履行的義務,她的問題在于沒有進行合理的授權(quán)。
D選項的意思是“她應該授予她的助手更多的權(quán)力”,這個選項是正確的,Mindy最大的問題就是沒有給她的助手們適當?shù)氖跈?quán),沒有讓她的助手為她分擔工作。
來源:ACCA學習幫
從歷年的考試情況來看,職業(yè)道德一直是AAA科目中主要的組成部分,也是每次考試基本必考的模塊。為了提高考生對這部分考點的理解,下面會計網(wǎng)就為大家重點解析下ACCA考試職業(yè)道德模塊提分秘訣。
職業(yè)道德是每次AAA考試的一個重點領域,而且也是比較容易提高得分的部分,但是考生不能再局限于死記硬背,更多的是展現(xiàn)對知識的理解和運用。
我也想通過這篇文章,給大家呈現(xiàn)一些考官提到過的有代表性的答題技巧,幫大家提高職業(yè)道德模塊的答題分數(shù),讓咱們能順利通過考試。
這部分涉及到的一些準則包括:
ACCA’s Code of Ethics and Conduct (2016)
IESBA’s Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (Revised May 2015)
IESBA–Changes to the Code Addressing Certain Non-Assurance Services Provisions for Audit and Assurance Clients Ethical Considerations Relating to Audit Fee Setting in the Context of Downward Fee Pressure (January 2016)
首先大家要對上述準則詳細掌握,包括基本的道德準則:Integrity, Objectivity, Professional Competence and Due Care, Confidentiality, and Professional Behaviour 這五條,以及如Self Review, Self Interest, Advocacy, Familiarity, and Intimidation 這五類道德威脅。
比較常見的考察方法包括我們對于道德威脅的識別和給出相應的防范措施,但其中有一部分比過去AA中考察分數(shù)增加的地方是,我們要明確指出這種威脅所帶來的的負面影響,所以我們在答題時要結(jié)合題目寫出以下三個方面:
(a) Identify threats to independence
(b) Evaluate the significance of the threats identified
(c) Apply safeguards, when necessary, to eliminate the threats or reduce them to an acceptable level.
接下來我們來看一道例題:
Example 1
The audit committee of, Mumbai Co, has asked the partner to consider whether it would be possible for the audit team to perform a review of the company’s internal control system. A number of recent incidents have raised concerns amongst the management team that controls have deteriorated and that this has increased the risk of fraud, as well as inefficient commercial practices. The auditor’s report for the audit of the financial statements of Mumbai Co for the year ended 31 March 2016 was signed a few weeks ago. Mumbai Co is a listed company.
Required: Comment on the ethical issues raised and the actions your firm should take in response to the client’s request. (6 marks)
在上面這個例題中,要求我們?yōu)楸粚徲嬁蛻籼峁╊~外的非審計服務-對其內(nèi)控系統(tǒng)進行評價。這會導致self-review的威脅,并可能導致承擔management responsibility。當然識別出這種威脅僅僅是回答問題的第一步,只回答威脅的名稱是不會得分的,我們需要進一步的分析解釋。 因此,要如下作答:
首先識別威脅并提供分析原因:
Providing a review of the company’s system and controls gives rise to a self-review threat as these controls will then be reviewed by the firm when determining our audit strategy. The firm may be reluctant to highlight errors or adopt a substantive approach during the audit as this may highlight deficiencies in the firm’s work on the additional service. (此答案可得1分)
The design of systems and controls is a management responsibility so a review of such may give rise to a situation where the auditor is assuming a management responsibility by taking on the role of management. (此答案可得1分)
接下來我們要評估案例中情形的影響,并給出防范措施:
The code states that the threat to independence of undertaking management responsibilities for an audit client is so significant that there are no safeguards which could reduce the threat to an acceptable level. (此答案可得1分)
當然我們也可以從其他方面去分析上述情景,言之有理亦會獲得答題分數(shù)。
比如客戶是上市公司,那我們可以說:
Management responsibility can be avoided if the client takes responsibility for monitoring the reports made and taking the decisions on recommendations.
However, as this client is listed, we are prohibited from undertaking internal audit services which relate to a significant part of the controls over financial reporting.
As such we must decline the additional work. (上述內(nèi)容也可得到3分)
所以大家可根據(jù)上述示例來更好的規(guī)劃編寫我們的答案,記住只識別出威脅的名稱是無法得到分數(shù)的,而需要有更多的分析來展示我們對于知識的理解和運用,希望大家都能在職業(yè)道德模塊獲得滿分。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在歷年的ACCA考試中,Offer與Invitation to treat一直都是LW科目的重難點內(nèi)容,同時也經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)在試題里,不少考生都將這兩個知識點所混淆,下面會計網(wǎng)就給大家進行詳細講解。
一.是否有法律約束力:
Offer (要約):具有法律約束力。
Invitation to treat (要約邀請):不具有法律約束力。
二. 考題涉及的情景:
第一, Auction sales拍賣:拍賣具體涉及兩種類型(with reserve有底價或者without reserve無底價)
下面給大家總結(jié)一個表格:
第二, Advertisement廣告:General rule(通常情況): Advertisement廣告是ITT
Exceptions (考題會出現(xiàn)的例外情況)
1) 考題中出現(xiàn)的廣告滿足以下三個條件:
第一, 廣告面向社會公眾;第二, 廣告帶有獎賞性質(zhì);第三, 廣告的內(nèi)容是明確具體的。如果同時滿足以上三個條件,那么這個廣告就很特殊,它屬于Offer
2) 考題中會明確說這則廣告是offer,那么此時直接把它當成要約就可以了,不需要再做以上三個條件的判斷。
第三,投標:Invitation to treat 招標書, 是ITT;Tender 投標, 是Offer。
第四,Share prospectus招股說明書:是ITT。招股說明書概念:它是股份公司公開發(fā)行股票時,就募股事宜發(fā)布的書面通告。具體會載明下列事項:①發(fā)起人認購股份數(shù);②每股的票面金額發(fā)行價格;③無記名股票的發(fā)行總數(shù);④認購人的權(quán)利、義務;⑤本次募股的起止期限及逾期未募足時認股人可撤回所認股份的說明。
(上面這個概念了解一下即可)
第五,Circulation of a price list 報價單,這個可以理解成菜單,邀請/引誘你光顧門店就餐,所以它是ITT。
考題中還會出現(xiàn)一種情況:是quotation of prices 這個也是報價單,它可以理解成投標過程中出現(xiàn)的tender,所以它是offer要約。
即:Circulation of a price list - ITT
quotation of prices - offer
考試的選項里如果出現(xiàn)’may be’這種字眼,那么它就一定不是offer 要約。因為要約的內(nèi)容一定是明確具體的。Offers cannot be vague, imprecise, or open to interpretation 要約不可以是模糊的、不精確的、有很多種解釋的,也就是說要約的內(nèi)容一定是明確具體的。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,有一個特別容易,稍加訓練就可以收入囊中,但又往往會讓大家困惑錯亂的得分點---答題格式。今天,會計網(wǎng)整理總結(jié)了SBL中需要考生能掌握的所有格式,快做好筆記吧。
1.Email
2.Report
3.Memo
4.Letter
5.Slide with notes
6.Briefing paper / note
7.Extract from a statement
8.PID
9.Press release
To : XXX
From: XXX
Date: dd/mm/yy
Dear XXX,
(Body / context)
Best regardsXXX
Report
To: XXX
From: XXX
Date: dd/mm/yy
Subject:XXX
Report
Introduction
This report is mainly about.......
(Body / context)
Conclusion
Memo
To : XXX
From: XXX
Date: dd/mm/yy
Subject:XXX
Introduction
(Body / context)
Conclusion
Letter
To : XXX
Date: dd/mm/yy
Dear XXX,
(Body / context)
Yours sincerely / faithfully
XXX
Slide with notes
Slide 1:
-Point 1
-Point 2
-Point 3
Notes:
-Paragraph 1
-Paragraph 2
-Paragraph 3
Briefing paper / notes
Subject : XXX
FAO: XXX
Opening remarks
(Body / context)
Ending
Extract from a statement
Body / context
-use subheadings
PID
PID
Objectives :
Cost:
Benefits:
Scope:
Constraints:
Key stakeholders:
Project team:
Risks identified:
Performance measurements:
Press release
Press statement
Issued by :
The board wish to issue the following statement in response to comments received in the recent XXX event. We value XXX and so wish to express our condolences and sympathy to all those affected. We should reassure our shareholders and the general public that we are working diligently to ……
This statement would address the following issues.
Body / context
說在最后的話:格式除了是題目要求之外,往往也和問題的性質(zhì),關聯(lián)的情景,所處的場合有關,不妨通過練習,去總結(jié)一下,什么樣類型的問題,問題更多的會要求用report來書寫;什么樣的場合,press release會更受青睞?總結(jié)之后,你才會發(fā)現(xiàn),格式后填充的內(nèi)容,說話人的語氣和措辭都和這些場景有關系,也才會主動積累和改正~加油!
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,LW科目里的offer和invitation to treat一直都是同學們?nèi)菀谆煜闹R考點,下面會計網(wǎng)將會結(jié)合結(jié)合具體的情境教大家如何進行區(qū)分。
01、Offer
Offer是指要約,它有兩個要點:
a. 它是一個明確的承諾,承諾想和對方建立合同關系;
b. 它的條款是特定的,清晰具體的。
只有滿足以上兩點,才能被叫做offer。要約的對象很廣泛,可以是特定的人、一類人甚至全世界都可。
(舉個例子:節(jié)假日商場打折促銷,某某商品3折起,這就不是offer,因為條款不具體,3折起,到底是多少呢,我們不知道;此外,條款清晰具體了,但是沒有承諾,也不是offer。比如服裝店里商家擺放的衣服,價格條款是清晰具體的,但是商家僅僅是在向消費者發(fā)出一種邀請,邀請向他發(fā)出想要購買衣服的要約,此時該邀請就不是offer,而是我們接下來要講的要約邀請。)
02、Invitation to treat
ITT是指要約邀請。一方發(fā)布信息去induce誘導別人向他發(fā)出要約,目的在于誘導別人,它的條款可以是清晰具體的,但是沒有明確想和對方建立合同關系的承諾。
03、幾種常見的需要區(qū)分二者的情況
1. Auction拍賣:(2種)
1) Auction有底價拍賣,auction notice拍賣公告是ITT,bid投標是offer。
2) Auction without reserve無底價拍賣,拍賣公告就是offer了。
2. Exhibition of goods櫥窗展示,展示出來明碼標價的商品是ITT,只有顧客拿起商品走向收銀臺,這才是向商家發(fā)出的offer。它與Vending machines自動售貨機不同,自動售貨機展示出來的商品就是offer了。
3. Invitation for tenders招標是ITT,tender投標是offer。
4. Share prospectus招股說明書和Price list均是ITT。
5. Advertisement廣告,一般情況是ITT,除非滿足offer的兩個要點,才是offer。
還有一個需要注意的點:Supply of informantion提供信息不是offer。
(舉個例子:A問B,書包的最低價是多少?B回答最低價是£100,此時B的回答不是offer,僅僅是在提供信息。)
好了,以上就是本期微講堂對Offer要約與 Invitation to treat要約邀請知識點的講解,希望同學們在進行二者的判斷區(qū)分時,牢記定義,課后及時復習!
來源:ACCA學習幫
在往年ACCA考試中,“audit evidence”經(jīng)常都會出現(xiàn)在試卷里,并且也是一個讓考生難以理解、容易混淆的常考點,今天會計網(wǎng)就跟大家詳解這個知識點。
01、Audit procedures(審計程序)的分類:
Tests of controls (控制測試)
Tests of controls are audit procedures designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.控制測試指的是為了評估被審計單位內(nèi)部控制的有效性而設計實施的審計程序,其中有效的內(nèi)控指的是能夠及時的預防或者發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正認定層次重大錯報的內(nèi)控。
Substantive procedures(實質(zhì)性程序)
Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed to detect material misstatements at the assertion level.實質(zhì)性程序是指審計師為了發(fā)現(xiàn)認定層次的重大錯報而設計實施的審計程序。
02、Substantive procedures 分類:
Analytical procedures (實質(zhì)性分析程序)
Analytical procedures as substantive procedures tend to be appropriate for large volumes of predictable transactions.實質(zhì)性分析程序更適用于分析一些交易量大的交易或事項并獲取審計證據(jù),比如與薪酬相關的科目。
Tests of detail (細節(jié)測試)
Tests of detail may be appropriate to gain information about account balances.細節(jié)測試更適用于獲取科目余額相關的審計證據(jù),如存貨或應收賬款。
以上就是對于audit procedures的分類,這個知識點需要同學能夠熟練的理解并掌握,因為會貫穿到后面整個AA科目的學習哦。
同時,有一個小的知識點也需要大家注意(敲黑板)↓↓↓
03、知識點注意
考試過程中題目會考察考生對Tests of detail的描述,請注意寫答案的時候一定要是完整的答案,我們先來看一下下面的三句話:
a. Check sales invoices
b. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices
c. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices to ensure the accuracy of sales transaction
以上三個表述不難看出C是表達的最完整的,這個也是考試的時候?qū)τ趖ests of detail表達的要求,需要具體寫出要做什么行為以及該行為的目的是什么,兩者都點到才有滿分~
為了方便大家理解,再給大家看幾句完整的tests of detail的表達句式:
Inspection of contract amount to ensure the accuracy of the amounts recorded in the financial statements
Physical inspection of non-current assets to ensure their existence, such as warehouse and equipment.
Agree long term liabilities to the relevant loan agreement to ensure it's right and obligation
以上就是今天分享的AA知識點內(nèi)容,同學們要掌握好audit procedures的分類、每一個程序的定義、以及tests of detail的表達。
來源:ACCA學習幫
2021年ACCA新一輪備考工作已經(jīng)開始了,今天會計網(wǎng)為大家?guī)鞮W科目公司法考點5道考題練習,幫助大家更好地理解和運用重點內(nèi)容。
第一題
Which Two statements are correct in relation to designated members in limited liability partnerships (LLPs)?
A. They have limited liability
B. They are responsible for filling the LLP’s accounts
C. They must not take part in the day-to day operation of the business
They are fully liable for partnership debt
答案:AB 本題考查的是有限責任合伙企業(yè)(LLPs)中members的責任。
解析:LLPs是擁有獨立法人資格的,所以它具體有兩個部分:1) LLPs中的members以認繳的出資額為限,承擔有限責任。所以A選項是正確答案。2) LLPs自身對其債務承擔無限責任。所以D選項錯誤。
此外,LLPs的members要對企業(yè)的賬目負責,這個是正確的。因為LLPs里面的每一個合伙人都要參與公司的日常經(jīng)營活動。(這里要注意:LP中承擔有限責任的合伙人是不可以參與企業(yè)日常經(jīng)營活動的)所以B選項正確,C選項錯誤。
還需要提醒大家本題是多選題,同學們只有全部選對才可以得分。多選題之前的選框是小方塊而不是小圓圈,在做題時,也要加以注意。
第二題
Which of the following statements relating to limited liability partnerships is correct?
A. They must have at least one unlimited member
B. They are limited to a maximum of 20 members
C. They must have a minimum of two members
答案:C 本題考查的是有限責任合伙企業(yè)(LLPs)中members的數(shù)量。
解析:法律規(guī)定:LLPs中必須要有2個特定的合伙人,他們對企業(yè)的publicity宣傳方面負責。
第三題
In the context of the law of agency, an agent will not be liable for a contract in which of the following instances?
A. Where the agent intends to take the benefit of the contract and does not disclose they are acting as an agent
B. Where the agent fails to disclose that they are acting as such
C. Where the agent acts on their own behalf although claiming to be an agent
答案:B 本題考查的是代理人的責任范圍。
解析:A選項,代理人沒有說自己是代理人并且他想要從合同中獲取個人好處。針對這種情況,代理人是要承擔責任的。
B選項,代理人沒有告訴第三方自己是代理人,第三方不知道還有委托人的存在。針對這個情況,第三方可以讓委托人負責。所以代理人可以不承擔責任。
C選項,代理人說了自己是代理人,但是他是代表自己去訂立合同的。針對這個情況,代理人是要承擔責任的。
第四題
Ho subscribed for some partly paid-up shares in lo Ltd. The company has not been successful and Ho has been told that when lo Ltd is liquidated, he will have to pay the amount remaining unpaid on his shares. However, he is not sure to whom such payment should be made. In limited liability companies, shareholders are liable to which party for any unpaid capital?
A. Creditors
B. The directors
C. The company
D. The liquidator
答案:C 本題考查的是Ltd中股東的責任。
解析:如果股東一開始就支付了所有認繳的股票,那么他們不需要再承擔責任。如果股東一開始只支付了其中的一部分,那么剩余的部分需要補足給公司。當公司發(fā)生破產(chǎn)行為時,股東僅需要支付他們曾經(jīng)未支付的股票(待繳出資額outstanding amount)。股東以認繳的出資額為限,承擔有限責任。所以C為正確答案。
第五題
Which of the following is indicated by the abbreviation ‘Ltd ‘ at the end of a company’s name?
A. The shares are freely transferable on the stock exchange
B. The shares are not transferable
C. The shares may not be offered to the public
答案:C 本題考查的是有限責任公司的特點。
解析:A選項,可以在證券交易所進行交易的只有l(wèi)isted company 上市公司,所以A選項不對。B選項,Ltd的股票是可轉(zhuǎn)讓的,比如賣給潛在的機構(gòu)投資者。所以選項中not的表述是不對的。C選項,Ltd的股票不可以向公眾發(fā)行,它只能向特定的投資者和機構(gòu)發(fā)行股票,所以這個選項是正確的。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試里,各科目的試卷題目信息量是非常大的,面對著各種文字,各種報表,有些考生根本就不知道該從什么點開始寫,對此,會計網(wǎng)針對FM科目,為大家詳解答題時的一些小技巧,希望有所幫助。
答題技巧
1) 拿到一個近一頁半A4紙的案例分析,同學們可以先花2秒冷靜一下,平復心情。
然后細心先把問題(案例分析最后的問題)一個單詞一個單詞的讀完。注意看問題中的動詞,比如calculate,discuss,evaluate等等。如果是后兩者,這表明題目的大部分分數(shù)是在文字討論上而非計算。
例如:Jungle Co的題目“Discuss the financial and non-financial performance of Jungle Co for the year ending 31 August 20X6. ” 考察重點在“討論”而非“計算”,所以計算只有7分,文字討論13分。
2) 一定要讀完全部案例,聯(lián)系案例中所給的全部信息為自己做一個答題計劃。
答題計劃
I. 找到你想要計算的數(shù)據(jù),比如:sales,profit,profit margins等等,用高光筆在題目中標記出來。
II. 找到你要用來做比較的標準,比如:當前的數(shù)據(jù)是與前一個時期比較?與目標進行比較?與行業(yè)平均值進行比較?與競爭對手比較?等等
III. 計算差異或變化,比如:投訴率從6%增加到12%,在陳述發(fā)生的變化時不應該說投訴率增加了6%,而是應該說投訴率比上一期增加了100%。要突出的是一個相對的變化,而非絕對數(shù)值。同樣地,如果收入從$1million變?yōu)?2million,應該陳述的變化是百分比的形式,增長了100%。
IV. 基于計算結(jié)果給出自己的意見:為什么會發(fā)生這樣的變化?給出可能的原因。這里的“可能的原因”是要聯(lián)系案例分析的,如果不能聯(lián)系案例信息而憑空捏造是不會得分的。比如,Jungle Co 在household revenue上出現(xiàn)了5.3%的下滑,這有可能是因為從Slabak進口的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不良導致的。這些都是案例分析已經(jīng)給的現(xiàn)成答案。
每個數(shù)據(jù)的分析都要重復II,III,IV步驟,直到你把你想分析的數(shù)據(jù)都做完。
V. 文章的最后別忘了寫一個兩句話的總結(jié),總結(jié)就是直接回答問題,不需要再計算,直接回答這個公司到底是做好了還是沒做好。
英文該如何表述
同學們可以先看看Jungle Co這道題的官方答案
(https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-students/acca/f5/exampapers/f5-2016-sep-a.pdf.pdf)
要寫成參考答案這樣子,是不可能的,至少對于99.9%的PM中國考生來說,是不可能的,排除極少數(shù)考ACCA的雅思9分大神。ACCA官方也沒有期盼大家寫成標準答案的樣子。以下這份Jungle Co的答案是官方technical article中所說的“good answer”. 大家可以先看看:
計算:
討論:
15% increase in total revenue
This is a good sign. It shows that Jungle Co is selling more units because 'prices are stable', and/or the new cloud service is expanding. But, we need a breakdown of revenue to understand this (see below).
32.7% increase in net margin
This is excellent sign. It’s linked to the lower cost of sales from Slabak imports and the launch of cloud computing, which is probably a higher-margin product (for example, no distribution costs for IT services).
60.5% increase in admin expenses
This is a problem because admin costs are usually fixed. This is linked to the big increase in customer service costs, which, in turn, is probably related to the lower quality of the new supplier which is causing more complaints (see below).
5.3% drop in household goods revenue
This is a worrying sign – it could be linked to the possible drop in quality from the Slabak imports.
28.3% change in electronic goods revenue
This is another positive signal. It shows that Jungle is outperforming the average market growth of 20%, which means they are gaining market share.
225% increase in late deliveries
This is a major problem. It‘s linked to the move to in-house logistics. Clearly Jungle Co can’t match the quality of the external, international suppliers. Jungle Co needs to address this as it threatens future growth of the business.
300% increase in % of customers who complain
This is another major problem. It’s linked to both the outsourcing of production to Slabak, and the move to in-house logistics (mentioned above). Clearly Jungle Co has serious internal process problems that will negatively affect their reputation.
Overall
We see mostly good news from the financial indicators: sales, margins, and profits are generally increasing. However, the non-financial information paints a different picture as we see serious problems emerging with Jungle Co’s quality and logistics. Jungle Co needs to address these issues if they want their financial success to continue in the long term.
我們首先來看看關于數(shù)據(jù)變化的分析是怎么寫的。每一個數(shù)據(jù)改變都用一個自然段來寫,這樣會很清晰,容易拿分。首先,用你計算出來的改變量作為標題,比如“15% increase in total revenue”。其次,給出你的意見,這個改變是好是壞?,比如“This is a good sign”,這個觀點本身是不得分的,一定要解釋原因,比如“It shows that Jungle Co is selling more units because 'prices are stable', and/or the new cloud service is expanding. But, we need a breakdown of revenue to understand this (see below).” 圖解如下:
如果想拿滿分,題目中出現(xiàn)的所有數(shù)據(jù)都應該全部計算變化差異,然后每一個都分析作答,但PM考試時間很緊張,大部分同學時間都不夠用,很多同學也是抱著“求過”的心態(tài)在考試,所以,應該有選擇地挑一些數(shù)據(jù)作答。
數(shù)據(jù)應該怎么挑呢?大致應該遵循以下原則:
1. 看calculation的分值,比如,Jungle Co計算7分,那就挑7個數(shù)據(jù),正如”good answer”也只用了7個數(shù)據(jù)。
2. 7個數(shù)據(jù)應該來自不同的績效評估領域,比如:財務/非財務,生產(chǎn)成本/管理成本。如果有N種產(chǎn)品的收入成本數(shù)據(jù)細分,應該每種產(chǎn)品挑一兩個數(shù)據(jù)。例如,“good answer”中挑選的7個指標都是分布在以上各個領域當中的。因為考試評分是按照各個評估的領域來給分的,比如“一個領域最高4分”,所以,這種方式可以幫助“求過”的同學盡可能多拿分數(shù)。對于大神級別的同學,請逐個數(shù)據(jù)一一作答,畢竟,你背負著老師和同學的希望。
對于文章最后的conclusion,同學們可用兩句話總結(jié)之前計算的數(shù)據(jù), 如“good answer”中的 “overall,…”。
最后再說一些考試的評分標準,ACCA考試適用“own figure rule”,也就是說,如果你某一步的計算錯誤是由于之前的數(shù)據(jù)算錯了導致的,這一步不會扣分,只會扣最開始算出錯那一步的分,所以,寶寶們不要浪費時間在檢查數(shù)據(jù)上,即便你覺得自己算錯了,就用錯的數(shù)據(jù)進行討論吧,我相信大多數(shù)人考試時間是很緊張的。
來源:ACCA學習幫
從歷年的ACCA考試情況來看,AB科目所出的題目“陷阱”是最多的,考生必須要做到將考點完全理解的前提下,才能將錯誤答案逐一排除。下面,會計網(wǎng)為大家?guī)砹薃B科目兩道經(jīng)典例題,并且進行相對應的考點解析,我們來看看吧。
Question 1:‘Teeming and lading’is used to describe which of the following:
A Where money flows are so substantial that diversion of large sums can go unnoticed
B A fraud where purchase ledger payments are misdirected to overseas accounts
C A personal expenses fraud involving fictitious expense vouchers
D A fraud where receipts from customers are misappropriated
正確答案:D
這道題看似清新脫俗,實則暗藏殺機?題目中問下列哪個是Teeming and lading,那我們首先來回顧一下啥是Teeming and lading:
Basically, teeming and lading is the theft of cash or cheque receipts. Setting subsequent receipts, not necessarily from the same customer, against the outstanding debt conceals the theft.
Teeming and lading挪用現(xiàn)金,截留移用,也就是拆了東墻補西墻,先把眼前這筆錢偷走,然后用后面的賬把這個窟窿補上,一次又一次的補窟窿,從而吞掉眼前那筆錢。了解概念以后,是不是躍躍欲試呢,那我們再次回歸這道題當中~
我們來逐一看下四個選項。
A選項,資金流動如此之大以至于大筆資金的轉(zhuǎn)移可能被忽視。這話聽起來還真有點懵呢,好像很有道理的樣子,果真如此嗎,可不要忘記我們的題目中teeming and lading的概念,這里的A選項并沒有提到把其他地方的錢補在另一個地方,所以不要被迷惑哦~
B選項,采購的應付賬款被誤導入海外賬戶,居然涉及到了兩個地方的賬戶,難道這就是正確選項?圖樣圖森破,截留移用是把其他地方的錢拿來添補此時的空缺,而不是把這個賬款記錯到其他地方~
C選項,涉及虛構(gòu)消費券的個人開支欺詐。虛構(gòu)消費券?這可跟我們的題目沒什么關系,C選項應該是最好被排除掉的一個選項。
D選項,盜用從客戶那里收到的錢。哎,終于看到了熟悉的樣子,先把這筆錢偷走,然后用后面的錢補上,沒錯啦,就是你,D選項。
Question 2:In an appraisal interview, the manager tells the subordinate how he has been assessed – good and bad–and then gives him a chance to put questions, suggest improvement targets, explain shortcomings and identify problems.Using Maier's classification, what is the name given to this approach to appraisal interviewing?
A Tell and sell B Tell and listen
C Problem solving D Sell and listen
正確答案:B
題目說在一個評估的面試中,這個經(jīng)理告訴了下屬他是如何被評估的,然后給了他一個機會去提出問題,提出改進目標,解釋自己的不足并發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。然后問下列哪個是這次評估使用的方法?
A選項,Tell and sell:The manager tells the subordinate how she/he been assessed , and then tries to ‘sell’ the evaluation and the improvement plan.這個方法的意思是,首先經(jīng)理要告訴下屬他被評估的一些情況,然后經(jīng)理盡力去“賣”自己的觀點以及一些提升計劃等,總之所有的主動權(quán)都保持在經(jīng)理的手中,那么跟題中的意思是不符合的,所以A排除。
B選項,Tell and listen:The manager tells the subordinate how she/he has been assessed, and then invites the appraisee to respond. The manager therefore no longer dominates the interview throughout , and there is greater opportunity for coaching or counselling as opposed to pure direction.這個方法的意思是經(jīng)理先告訴下屬他被評估的情況,然后經(jīng)理邀請被評估者去回應這個評估,也就是經(jīng)理不再是這場評估的主導者,而是給了下屬更多的機會參與其中,再回到題目中,題目中的經(jīng)理也是給了員工一個機會去提出問題,談些自己的想法,所以這是一個先有tell,再有sell的過程,因此B選項符合題意。
C選項,Problem solving:The manager abandons the role of critic altogether , and becomes a coach and helper. The employee is encouraged to think solutions through, and to commit to the recognized need for personal management.這個方法的意思是經(jīng)理放棄批評者的角色,成為教練和幫助者,雇員被鼓勵自己思考解決問題的方式,所以相比于前兩種方法,這種方式少了tell的過程,更多的是雇員自己的思考。但是也不符合題意,因為題目中是有經(jīng)理tell的過程,所以排除C。
D選項,干擾項,Maier’s three approaches指的只有前三個哦。
來源:ACCA學習幫
歷年有很多考生反映,在ACCA考試中碰到有關合并報表有很多題目都不會解答,也不知道該從何入手。ACCA12月考季臨近,對此,會計網(wǎng)就為大家著重詳解一下合并報表這個高頻考點內(nèi)容。
一、判斷控制成立的條件:
An investor controls an investee if and only if the investor has all the following(形成控制同時需要滿足以下三大條件):
A) Power over the investee to direct the relevant activities;
B) Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee;
C) Ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of the investor’s returns.
Example of control(常見的例子有):
A) Voting rights (> 50% ordinary shares);
B) Rights to appoints, reassign or remove key management personnel;
C) Rights to appoint or remove another entity that directs relevant activities;
D) Management contract.
二、購買對價consideration計算:
Consideration may consist of(常見的對價有cash和shares兩種)
A) Cash(以cash的形式進行收購,直接記錄cash值)
P purchased xx shares/ xx% of shares of S for XX
P purchased xx shares/ xx% of shares of S for XX per share
B) Shares(以股換股)
Share exchange on a X for Y basis (代表每獲取子公司Y股股票,母公司需付出X股股票)
Share consideration=母公司獲取子公司股數(shù)* X/Y *母公司收購日股價
三、商譽的計算:
Goodwills = Considerations+ NCI at acquisition date - FV of net assets of S at acquisition date
計算Goodwill的時候,用的是consideration的公允價值,加上NCI的公允價值,減去子公司的凈資產(chǎn)(net assets)。其中的retained earning和 share capital,是用子公司在收購日當天的數(shù)字。
四、未實現(xiàn)利潤PUP(provision for unrealised profit)的計算:
首先根據(jù)內(nèi)部銷售的售價和成本把利潤算出來,再考慮期末還沒賣出去的(還留在庫存里的部分)對應的比例,計算出這部分unrealised profit的值。
未實現(xiàn)利潤PUP(provision for unrealised profit)的影響:
A) P sold to S:
Group RE =母公司RE - URP +子公司收購后產(chǎn)生的RE * P%
NCI at reporting date = NCI at acq. date + 子公司收購后產(chǎn)生的RE* NCI%
B) S sold to P:
Group RE =母公司RE + (子公司收購后產(chǎn)生的RE - URP) * P%
NCI at reporting date = NCI at acq. date + (子公司收購后產(chǎn)生的RE - URP)* NCI%
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,audit evidence(審計證據(jù))每年基本上都會出現(xiàn)在試卷題目中,很多同學都會在這個知識點上丟分,下面會計網(wǎng)今天就跟大家著重詳解這個知識點內(nèi)容。
01、Audit procedures(審計程序)的分類:
Tests of controls (控制測試)
Tests of controls are audit procedures designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.控制測試指的是為了評估被審計單位內(nèi)部控制的有效性而設計實施的審計程序,其中有效的內(nèi)控指的是能夠及時的預防或者發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正認定層次重大錯報的內(nèi)控。
Substantive procedures(實質(zhì)性程序)
Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed todetect material misstatements at the assertion level.實質(zhì)性程序是指審計師為了發(fā)現(xiàn)認定層次的重大錯報而設計實施的審計程序。
02、Substantive procedures 分類:
Analytical procedures (實質(zhì)性分析程序)
Analytical procedures as substantive procedures tend to be appropriate for large volumes of predictable transactions.實質(zhì)性分析程序更適用于分析一些交易量大的交易或事項并獲取審計證據(jù),比如與薪酬相關的科目。
Tests of detail (細節(jié)測試)
Tests of detail may be appropriate to gain information about account balances.細節(jié)測試更適用于獲取科目余額相關的審計證據(jù),如存貨或應收賬款。
以上就是對于audit procedures的分類,這個知識點需要同學能夠熟練的理解并掌握,因為會貫穿到后面整個AA科目的學習哦。
03、知識點注意
考試過程中題目會考察考生對Tests of detail的描述,請注意寫答案的時候一定要是完整的答案,我們先來看一下下面的三句話:
a. Check sales invoices
b. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices
c. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices to ensure the accuracy of sales transaction
以上三個表述不難看出C是表達的最完整的,這個也是考試的時候?qū)τ趖ests of detail表達的要求,需要具體寫出要做什么行為以及該行為的目的是什么,兩者都點到才有滿分~
為了方便大家理解,再給大家看幾句完整的tests of detail的表達句式:
? Inspection of contract amount to ensure the accuracy of the amounts recorded in the financial statements
? Physical inspection of non-current assets to ensure their existence, such as warehouse and equipment.
Agree long term liabilities to the relevant loan agreement to ensure it's right and obligation
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,LW科目中的合同法一直都是讓考生難以掌握的重難點,為了幫助大家理解這個重難點知識,下面會計網(wǎng)列出了幾道經(jīng)典例題讓各位進行練習,并進行相應的詳細解析。
1. Abe issued an invitation to tender for a contract and Bea submitted her terms.
A. Abe made an offer and Bea made a counter-offer.
B. Abe made an invitation to treat and Bea made an offer
C. Abe made an offer which Bea accepted
D. Both Abe and Bea made invitations to treat
答案:B
本題考查的是offer要約和invitation to treat要約邀請的區(qū)別,是offer的一大考點。
解析:招投標這個過程往往是同學不理解的,所以在做題之前需要搞清楚招投標的過程。
下面給同學舉個例子:比方說現(xiàn)在學校需要建造一棟教學樓,但是學校自己沒有建造教學樓的能力和資質(zhì),學校就會在自己的網(wǎng)站上發(fā)出一個招標邀請,也就是invitation to treat,說明一下學校目前需要建造一棟教學樓,大概幾層樓,金額大概是多少,還有一些具體的建造細節(jié)。那么過一段時間,有一些建造商看到學校發(fā)出的招標邀請后,就會仔細地設計出一個建造方案,給到學校一個確定的報價,這個過程就叫tender投標,向?qū)W校發(fā)出了一個offer。學校這時會根據(jù)收到的offer,請專家來評估,選擇一個最合適的offer來接受,accept。以上就是招投標的簡要步驟。
接下來我們來看一下具體的題目。題目中說Abe給Bea發(fā)出了invitation to tender,它的意思是招標邀請,招標邀請是ITT,而tender的意思是才是投標,向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)出了offer。所以Abe向Bea發(fā)出的是ITT,可以馬上排除AC兩個選項。Bea在收到了招標邀請后,給了Abe一個具體的方案,所以向Abe發(fā)出了offer,所以就可以選出B為正確答案。
點評:此題理解招投標的過程是關鍵,難度適中。
2. Which of the following statements in relation to effective consideration is correct?
A. It must be both sufficient and adequate
B. It must be adequate but need not be sufficient
C. It must be sufficient but need not be adequate.
答案:C
本題考察consideration的規(guī)則之一:Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate.
它指的是對價必須是有價值的,identifiable in value,不強調(diào)等價也就是adequate / equal in value.也就是說如果A愿意1塊錢把房屋賣給他的女朋友,那么法院也是支持的。1塊錢就是sufficient consideration。所以此題馬上即可選出答案為C。
3. In the context of the law of contract, which Two of the following statements in relation to a letter of comfort are correct?
A. It is a binding promise to pay a subsidiary company’s future debts
B. It is issued by a parent company’s bank
C. It is a not binding statement of present intention to pay a subsidiary company’s future debts
D. It is issued by a parent company
答案:C and D
本題考察的是合同五大要素之一intention,締約意圖。締約意圖我們首先有兩大假設,家庭朋友之間達成的協(xié)議一般沒有法律意圖,商業(yè)協(xié)議一般有法律意圖。注意這里是一般,而不是一定,所以這兩條假設是可以被推翻的(rebuttable)
A letter of comfort安慰信,雖然是在商業(yè)背景下,指的是母公司寫一封信給到子公司的債權(quán)人,申明子公司是有能力償還這筆債務的。但是這封信對母公司和債權(quán)人都沒有約束力,也就是說如果日后子公司真的沒有錢去償還債權(quán)人的債務,母公司也不需要用自己的錢去償還,因為這封信沒有締約意圖,所以也不是一個有法律約束力的合同。所以馬上就可以選出CD兩個答案。
還需要指出的是本題是多選題,同學們只有全部選對才可以得分。多選題之前的選框是小方塊而不是小圓圈,在做題時,也要加以注意。
4. Contracts are legally enforceable agreements. Which of the following statements regarding contractual agreements is true?
A. They need not be in writing
B. They must be in writing
C. They must be evidenced in writing
答案:A
本題考察的是合同的形式,一般規(guī)則是合同可以用任何形式來展現(xiàn),可以是oral口頭的,書面的in writing,也可以是action某種行為。但是也存在特例的情況,這個也是??伎键c之一。同學要記住特例的情況以及對應規(guī)定的合同形式。
常考的特例有
1)contract by deed
2)contract must be in writing
3)contract must be evidenced in writing
本題問的是一般規(guī)則,所以可以是任何形式in any form,不一定需要用writing,書面的形式,即可選出A。
來源:ACCA學習幫
眾所周知,ACCA涉及的學科比較多,知識點涵蓋范圍也比較廣,也很容易使得考生們將各知識點和遺忘。今天,會計網(wǎng)繼續(xù)為大家介紹ACCA另一個重難點:audit evidence(審計證據(jù)),大家可以適當做一下筆記加深印象。
首先審計證據(jù)要滿足兩個條件:
sufficient(充足的)& appropriateness(恰當?shù)?
Sufficient指的是數(shù)量(quantity)上要充足,appropriateness指的是質(zhì)量(quality)上要過關。
那么首先我們來看一下審計師都可以通過哪些audit procedures(審計程序)來獲取審計證據(jù)。
01、Audit procedures(審計程序)的分類:
? Tests of controls (控制測試)
Tests of controls are audit procedures designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.控制測試指的是為了評估被審計單位內(nèi)部控制的有效性而設計實施的審計程序,其中有效的內(nèi)控指的是能夠及時的預防或者發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正認定層次重大錯報的內(nèi)控。
? Substantive procedures(實質(zhì)性程序)
Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed todetect material misstatements at the assertion level.實質(zhì)性程序是指審計師為了發(fā)現(xiàn)認定層次的重大錯報而設計實施的審計程序。
02、Substantive procedures 分類:
? Analytical procedures (實質(zhì)性分析程序)
Analytical procedures as substantive procedures tend to be appropriate for large volumes of predictable transactions.實質(zhì)性分析程序更適用于分析一些交易量大的交易或事項并獲取審計證據(jù),比如與薪酬相關的科目。
? Tests of detail (細節(jié)測試)
Tests of detail may be appropriate to gain information about account balances.細節(jié)測試更適用于獲取科目余額相關的審計證據(jù),如存貨或應收賬款。
以上就是對于audit procedures的分類,這個知識點需要同學能夠熟練的理解并掌握,因為會貫穿到后面整個AA科目的學習哦。
同時,有一個小的知識點也需要大家注意(敲黑板)↓↓↓
03、知識點注意
考試過程中題目會考察考生對Tests of detail的描述,請注意寫答案的時候一定要是完整的答案,我們先來看一下下面的三句話:
a. Check sales invoices
b. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices
c. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices to ensure the accuracy of sales transaction
以上三個表述不難看出C是表達的最完整的,這個也是考試的時候?qū)τ趖ests of detail表達的要求,需要具體寫出要做什么行為以及該行為的目的是什么,兩者都點到才有滿分~
為了方便大家理解,再給大家看幾句完整的tests of detail的表達句式:
? Inspection of contract amount to ensure the accuracy of the amounts recorded in the financial statements
? Physical inspection of non-current assets to ensure their existence, such as warehouse and equipment.
Agree long term liabilities to the relevant loan agreement to ensure it's right and obligation
以上就是今天分享的AA知識點內(nèi)容,同學們要掌握好audit procedures的分類、每一個程序的定義、以及tests of detail的表達。我們下期再見~
本文為ACCA學習幫原創(chuàng)文章,獨家版權(quán)歸于本平臺,受到原創(chuàng)保護。任何渠道的轉(zhuǎn)載請后臺留言聯(lián)系授權(quán),侵權(quán)必究。
大家在備考ACCA過程中,相信很多同學都會遇到過不少錯題、難題的情況,對此,會計網(wǎng)針對FR科目,整理了大家常遇到的、比較經(jīng)典的易錯題,并進行相應的考點講解。
題目1
1.Which of the following statements relating to intangible assets is true?
A. All intangible assets must be carried at amortised cost or at an impaired amount; they cannot be revalued upwards
B. The development of a new process which is not expected to increase sales revenues may still be recognised as an intangible asset
C. Expenditure on the prototype of a new engine cannot be classified as an intangible asset because the prototype has been assembled and has physical substance
D. Impairment losses for a cash generating unit are first applied to goodwill and then to other intangible assets before being applied to tangible assets
對應解析
講這道題的關鍵在于很多學生會對第2點產(chǎn)生疑惑,所以老師想在這里再次和大家確認一下。
這道題題干問的是下列關于無形資產(chǎn)的說法哪個是正確的?
A所有無形資產(chǎn)必須按攤余成本或減值金額列賬; 他們不能重估,價值不能增加。這句話是錯誤的,首先不確定使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)是不攤銷的,其次確定使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)也是可以重估增值的。所以A錯誤。
B預計不會增加銷售收入的新流程的開發(fā)仍可被視為無形資產(chǎn),也是有可能削減成本的,節(jié)約成本也相當于在帶來經(jīng)濟利益。B正確。
C新發(fā)動機原型的支出不能歸類為無形資產(chǎn),這個說法是錯誤的,新發(fā)動機原型的支出是可以被歸類為無形資產(chǎn)的。
D CGU減值損失首先應用于goodwill,然后應用于其他無形資產(chǎn),然后再應用于有形資產(chǎn)。這句話是錯誤的,正確的應該是減值損失的分配是先分配給明顯有減值跡象的個體,再給goodwill,再給non current asset。所以D選項錯誤。注意減值這條準則針對的是non current asset,一般長期資產(chǎn),不是current asset。
題目2
2.To which of the following items does IAS 41 Agriculture apply?
(i)A change in the fair value of a herd of farm animals relating to the unit price of the animals
(ii) Logs held in a wood yard
(iii) Farm land which is used for growing vegetables
(iv) The cost of developing a new type of crop seed
which is resistant to tropical diseases
A All four
B (i) only
C (i) and (ii) only
D (ii) and (iii) only
對應解析
(i) 農(nóng)場的牲畜的價值用公允價值表示,這屬于準則規(guī)定,這是對的。(ii) 堆木廠的原木已經(jīng)是產(chǎn)成品,harvest收割之后的產(chǎn)品要從IAS41轉(zhuǎn)入存貨計量。
(iii) 生產(chǎn)蔬菜的土地不能歸集在農(nóng)業(yè)中,因為土地是固定資產(chǎn)。(iv) 這里開發(fā)一款可以抵抗病蟲害的新的種子,要歸屬于無形資產(chǎn)。
因此這道題選擇B選項。
題目3
3.Wilmslow acquired 80% of the equity shares of Zeta on 1 April 2014 when Zeta’s retained earnings were $200,000. During the year ended 31 March 2015, Zeta purchased goods from Wilmslow totalling $320,000. At 31 March 2015, one quarter of these goods were still in the inventory of Zeta. Wilmslow applies a mark-up on cost of 25% to all of its sales.
At 31 March 2015, the retained earnings of Wilmslow and Zeta were $450,000 and $340,000 respectively.
What would be the amount of retained earnings in Wilmslow’s consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 March 2015?
A $706,000
B $542,000
C $498,000
D $546,000
對應解析
這里求的是合并報表中留存收益是多少。
合并報表中的留存收益是通過母公司從出生到現(xiàn)在所有的累積收益加上子公司納入合并之后產(chǎn)生的歸屬于母公司的收益。
收購當天子公司的retained earning是200,000,年末是340,000,說明今年賺的錢是140,000,這個140,000分給group是140,000*80%=112,000
再看內(nèi)部交易:母公司賣給子公司的產(chǎn)品中還有1/4留在倉庫里面,所以有1/4的未實現(xiàn)的利潤要減去,這里是1/4*[320,000-(320,000./(1+25%)]=16,000 這里的未實現(xiàn)利潤是歸于母公司,并且注意這是母公司賣給子公司,所以不用再在NCI中分。
所以這道題選擇D選項。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)3階段中的“合并報表引入”知識點經(jīng)常都會出現(xiàn)在每年的考卷上,該考點內(nèi)容也存在著一定難度,今天會計網(wǎng)就幫大家進行梳理,我們來看看吧。
合并:把兩個及以上的公司作為一個整體來展示他們的財務狀況和經(jīng)營情況。
原因:母公司通常擁有子公司絕大部分的股票份額,產(chǎn)生了控制權(quán),要整體表現(xiàn)公司狀況。
從法律角度講:母公司和子公司是獨立的主體,要做獨立的公司報表,而合并報表是將所有的經(jīng)濟交易作為一個整體公司來進行表達。
基本原則:假設P是母公司,S是子公司,P擁有S 80%的股票
1、add together:把相同項相加。P的PPE價值100W,S的PPE價值50W,合并的PPE價值是150W(雖然只擁有80%,但是母公司可以控制子公司所有的資產(chǎn),所以加100%的子公司的資產(chǎn)切記不是100W+50W*80%=140W)
2、 cancellation of like items internal to the group:內(nèi)部交易的抵消。假設P公司有應付賬款100W ,S 有應收賬款50W。P在S賒購10w存貨,P報表有欠S應付賬款10W,S報表有P10W的應收賬款。那么在合并報表中應收賬款應該是50W-10W,應付賬款應該是100W -10W(本質(zhì)上商品還是在自己的手中,沒有產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)移)
3、owned everything then show the extent to which you do not own everything:母公司像擁有子公司一樣去控制子公司。母公司能夠完全控制子公司的所有資產(chǎn)和負債的。例如上面的150W的PPE一樣。
Subsidiary:子公司
相關的準則:
IAS 27 Separate financial statements *
IAS 28 Investments in associates and joint ventures *
IFRS 3 Business combinations *
IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statements *
相關的概念要牢記,學習,理解以及應用。例如:Control, Power, NCI少數(shù)股東權(quán)益, Subsidiary, Parent, Group集團公司, Consolidated financial statements合并報表。
投資占比:
Subsidiary:>50%的股票。一般而言control,>50%voting power 超過一半的投票權(quán), power to govern the financial and operating policies 有權(quán)力管理公司的日?;顒? power to appoint or remove a majority of members of the board of directors 有權(quán)任命或移除董事會的大部分成員。
Associates:20%-50%之間的份額,significant influence using the equity method 通常使用權(quán)益法進行計算,IAS28 requires 'power to participate', but not to 'control' 有權(quán)參與但是無權(quán)控制(參與公司的日?;顒雍拓攧盏葲Q策)董事會里面有代表,Participation in the policy making process 參與方針決策的制定
Trade investments,僅僅是為了分紅或者分利潤。記錄方式:Trade investments are simply shown as investments under non-currentassets in the consolidated statement of financial position of the group.
插播:equity method權(quán)益法(聯(lián)營公司的計量方法)
基本原則:假設A是associate,P是被投資公司。不管P公司是否分配earnings as dividends,A公司總會把P的稅后利潤加在自己的報表中。P Co achieves this by adding to consolidated profit the group'sshare of A Co's profit after tax.
還有一個值得注意的點:如果聯(lián)營公司分紅之后,收到了現(xiàn)金,那對應的投資就會減少,例如:聯(lián)營公司初始投資100W,本年屬于聯(lián)營公司的利潤是20W,收到了10w的現(xiàn)金,那么在年底的時候associate的投資值是100+20-10=110W(權(quán)益法的實質(zhì)核心)。
注意: 在SPL中,與控制子公司(記>50%的所有科目)不一樣,權(quán)益法中不記錄sales revenue,cost of sales等其他科目,不是一行一行加,而是只記錄profit after tax。
Under equity accounting, the associate'ssales revenue, cost of sales and so on are not amalgamated with those of thegroup. Instead, only the group share of the associate's profit after tax isadded to the group profit.
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,預算一直作為一個高頻考點出現(xiàn)在PM(F5)科目試卷里,并且不少同學都會在這個考點上丟分,接下來,會計網(wǎng)就為大家著重詳解這個高頻考點內(nèi)容,希望有所幫助。
在學習預算系統(tǒng)的時候,我們需要掌握的內(nèi)容包含以下三點:① Steps of the budgeting system;② Applied conditions;③ Pros & Cons.
那么下面我們來看一下這兩個預算系統(tǒng)的具體內(nèi)容吧~
Incremental budgeting
Steps
大家不需要把定義背出來,只需要記住下面這個公式然后看公式說話就行~
Previous/past data 土 = This year’s budget
An incremental budgeting is starting from the previous period’s budget or actual results and then adding or subtracting an incremental amount to get this year’s budget.
Applied conditions
Stable businesses; The current operations are effective,efficient and economic; Certain costs such as staff salaries.
Pros & Cons
Pros(萬精油):Quick and easy; Time saving.
Cons(重點掌握)
Builds on previous information; Encourage budget slack; Lack of business scrutiny.
Zero-based budgeting
Steps
Zero based budgeting requires each cost element to be specifically justified. The budget starts from zero and the activities are being undertaken for the first time.
Define the activities to be evaluated(decision packages——mutually exclusive & incremental)確定決策包;Evaluate and rank the activities評估和排序;Allocate resources分配資源。
大家別看這三個步驟只是簡單的幾個單詞,2015年6月份的真題就這個知識點考察了三分。
Applied conditions
Non-profit-making and service organizations; Discretionary cost占比較大的企業(yè)
Pros & Cons
Pros:Remove insufficient and obsolete operations; Increased staffs involved at all levels; Responds to changes in business environment.
Cons:Focuses on short term benefits; Requires high management skills; Time consuming; Ranking can be difficult.
這里列出的優(yōu)缺點只是general的,在做題的時候還需要根據(jù)題目給出的具體情況來分析對于這家公司某種預算系統(tǒng)適用與否。
真題精講
聽了以上的講解,相信大家對于這兩種預算方法都有了更深入的了解,那么下面我們來看一道真題(2016 December)
Which TWO of the following statements regarding zero based budgeting are correct?
A. It is best applied to support expenses rather than to direct costs
B. It can link strategic goals to specific functional areas
C. It carries forward inefficiencies from previous budget periods
D. It is consistent with a top-down budgeting approach
答案:AB
解析:A:support expense屬于discretionary cost,ZBB不適用于生產(chǎn)制造型企業(yè),A正確。B:ZBB是從0開始的,所有活動都當做是第一次發(fā)生,所以能夠把戰(zhàn)略目標跟具體的舉措聯(lián)系起來,B正確。C:描述的是incremental budgeting的特點。D:由于是從0開始,所以只有上級的投入不夠,需要各個等級工作人員的參與,因此D錯誤。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在日常備考過程中,很多同學都抱怨稱在F1科目里碰到了很多復雜難以理解的知識點,要翻其他書籍才能弄懂,對此,會計網(wǎng)今天給大家整理了F1階段的必會定義,幫助各位提高效率。
Organization
Organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controlsits own performance and which has a boundary separating it from its environment.
定義的重點:明確的分工、共同的目標、控制員工的表現(xiàn)、有明確的界限。
Limited companies
A limited company has a separate legal personality from its owners (shareholders). The shareholders can not normally be sued for the debts of the business unless they have given some personal guarantee. Their risk is generally restricted to the amount that they have invested in the company when they buy the shares. This is called limited liability.
定義的重點:獨立的法律個體,風險只限定于投入的財產(chǎn),不連累其他財產(chǎn)。
Internal stakeholders
Internal stakeholders are intimately connected to the organization, and their objectives are likely to have a strong influence on how it is run, such as employees, managers.
定義的重點:與企業(yè)密切聯(lián)系的,對企業(yè)運營有重要的影響。舉例:企業(yè)的員工、領導者。
Connected stakeholders
Connectedstakeholders can be viewed as having a contractualrelationship outside the organization, such as shareholders; customers;suppliers; finance providers.The objective of satisfying shareholders is taken as the the prime objective whichthe management of the organization will need to fulfill, however, customers andfinanciers objectives must be met if the company is tosucceed.
定義的重點:與企業(yè)有合同關系的,企業(yè)外部的,公司要滿足他們的需求。舉例:股東、客戶、供應商、機構(gòu)投資者。
External stakeholders
External stakeholders include community at large; environmental pressure groups; government; trade union. This group will have quite diverse objectives and have varying ability to ensure that organization meets their objectives.
定義的重點:企業(yè)外部的,企業(yè)要盡可能滿足他們的要求,與企業(yè)沒有合同關系。舉例:政府、社會上的各類團體組織、環(huán)境保護組織、監(jiān)管機構(gòu)。
Primary/ secondary stakeholder
Primary stakeholder has a contractual relationship with the org.
定義的重點:與企業(yè)有合同關系的。舉例:Internal/ connected stakeholder。
Secondary stakeholder not has a contractual relationship outside the org.
定義的重點:與企業(yè)沒有合同關系的,舉例:external stakeholder。
Microeconomics
Microeconomics focuses on how theindividual partsof an economy make decisions about how to allocate scarce resources。
定義的重點: 關注個體部分的發(fā)展,分配稀缺資源。
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is the study of the aggregated effort of the decisions of individual economic units. It looks at a complete national economy,or the international economic system as a whole.
定義的重點:單個經(jīng)濟體決策的集合影響,著眼于整個國家經(jīng)濟體
Inflation
An increase in price levels generally; the decline in the purchasing power of money。
定義的重點:持續(xù)地物價上漲,居民購買力下降。
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy is a kind of government policy which focuses on taxation,public borrowing and public spending.
定義的重點: 政府的政策。舉例:稅收、政府借款、政府開銷。
Monetary policy
Monetary policy is kind of government policy which uses money supply ,interest rates,exchange rates or credit control to influence aggregate demand.
定義的重點: 政府的政策。舉例:貨幣供應、利率、匯率、信貸控制。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,AA這門課程F階段是最難通過的一門學科,全球通過率常年維持在40%以下,對此,會計網(wǎng)今天為大家著重講解F8階段Ethics職業(yè)道德考點內(nèi)容,我們來看看吧。
說到職業(yè)道德部分的考題,主要是指對于考察Ethical threats的題型,其既可能出現(xiàn)在Section A的選擇題,也可能出現(xiàn)在Section B的問答題,但無論出現(xiàn)在哪部分基本都是以案例分析的形式出現(xiàn),而且一般都是考察兩方面的內(nèi)容:
一方面是根據(jù)案例描述的情形確定是哪一類的threats,我們一共主要會涉及五種道德威脅,包括:Self-interest自身利益;Self-review自我評價;Advocacy過度推介;Familiarity親密關系;和Intimidation外在壓力。那根據(jù)歷年真題的解答,將各種threats所對應的情形分別包括哪些列在下面:
Self-interest 自身利益
1) Undue dependence on fee income from one client.
2) Close personal or business relationships.
3) Direct financial interest in a client.
4) Concern over loss of significant client.
5) Contingent fee arrangements.
6) Member of audit team entering into employment negotiations with client.
7) The discovery of a significant error during a re-evaluation of the work undertaken by the member.
Self-review 自我評價
1) Member of assurance team being or recently having been employed by the client in a position to influence the subject matter being reviewed.
2) Involvement in implementation of financial system and subsequently reporting on the operation of said system.
3) Firm having prepared the original data used to generate records that are the subject matter of the assurance engagement, for example, preparing clients’ financial statements.
4) Performing a service for a client that directly affects the subject matter of an assurance engagement.
Advocacy 過度推介
1) Acting as an advocate on behalf of a client in litigation or disputes.
2) Promoting shares in a listed audit client.
Familiarity 親密關系
1) Long association with a client.
2) Acceptance of gifts or preferential treatment (significant value).
3) Former partner of firm being employed by client.
4) A person in a position to influence financial or non-financial reporting or business decisions having an immediate or close family member who is in a position to benefit from that influence.
Intimidation 外在壓力
1) Threat of litigation.
2) Threat of removal as assurance firm.
3) Threat of not being awarded non-audit engagements if disagree with directors’ accounting treatment.
4) Accountant threatened by audit partner of not being promoted within the firm if disagree with client.
5) Dominant personality of client director attempting to influence decisions.
6) Pressure to reduce inappropriately the extent of work performed in order to reduce fees.
另外一方面是要求對上訴各種threats給出一種應對措施即safeguards,那根據(jù)歷年真題的總結(jié),老師發(fā)現(xiàn)常見的safeguards其實無外乎以下幾種:
第一種safeguard簡單粗暴的是Decline拒絕,適用于被審計客戶向?qū)徲嫀熖峁┒Y物和款待gifts and hospitality,向?qū)徲嫀熖峁┨貏e待遇preferential treatment,或者是請求審計師替客戶打官司,代表客戶與稅務局打交道等Advocacy threat涉及到的情形,都應當直接拒絕客戶(尤其涉及禮物金額較大的情況下);
第二種常見的safeguard是Rotation of team member將“受到污染”的同事?lián)Q掉,例如與被審計客戶存在各種親密關系,跟客戶商討聘用事宜,在客戶那邊有優(yōu)惠利率的貸款,以及為客戶提供記賬,稅務,咨詢等服務,這類審計團隊成員都應被剔除出該項目的審計團隊;
另外一些safeguards則更多是見招拆招,如客戶不支付審計費,我們就和他商定還錢的時間表;某個客戶收費占比過高,就減少一些非審計服務;遇到客戶的各種威脅和恐嚇就可選擇辭任審計師等等,我們可以根據(jù)具體情形給出相應的應對措施,所以并不建議大家對所有的threats都采用統(tǒng)一的safeguard,而是應該見招拆招,逐一化解。
來源:ACCA學習幫
在ACCA考試中,Ethical threats職業(yè)道德部分可是一個每年必考、較為重點的內(nèi)容,同時這個考點相對來說比較簡單,是大家必拿分的內(nèi)容,今天會計網(wǎng)就給大家總結(jié)關于Ethical threats職業(yè)道德部分內(nèi)容,值得各位關注。
說到職業(yè)道德部分的考題,主要是指對于考察Ethical threats的題型,其既可能出現(xiàn)在Section A的選擇題,也可能出現(xiàn)在Section B的問答題,但無論出現(xiàn)在哪部分基本都是以案例分析的形式出現(xiàn),而且一般都是考察兩方面的內(nèi)容:
一方面是根據(jù)案例描述的情形確定是哪一類的threats,我們一共主要會涉及五種道德威脅,包括:Self-interest自身利益;Self-review自我評價;Advocacy過度推介;Familiarity親密關系;和Intimidation外在壓力。那根據(jù)歷年真題的解答,將各種threats所對應的情形分別包括哪些列在下面:
Self-interest 自身利益
1) Undue dependence on fee income from one client.
2) Close personal or business relationships.
3) Direct financial interest in a client.
4) Concern over loss of significant client.
5) Contingent fee arrangements.
6) Member of audit team entering into employment negotiations with client.
7) The discovery of a significant error during a re-evaluation of the work undertaken by the member.
Self-review 自我評價
1) Member of assurance team being or recently having been employed by the client in a position to influence the subject matter being reviewed.
2) Involvement in implementation of financial system and subsequently reporting on the operation of said system.
3) Firm having prepared the original data used to generate records that are the subject matter of the assurance engagement, for example, preparing clients’ financial statements.
4) Performing a service for a client that directly affects the subject matter of an assurance engagement.
Advocacy 過度推介
1) Acting as an advocate on behalf of a client in litigation or disputes.
2) Promoting shares in a listed audit client.
Familiarity 親密關系
1) Long association with a client.
2) Acceptance of gifts or preferential treatment (significant value).
3) Former partner of firm being employed by client.
4) A person in a position to influence financial or non-financial reporting or business decisions having an immediate or close family member who is in a position to benefit from that influence.
Intimidation 外在壓力
1) Threat of litigation.
2) Threat of removal as assurance firm.
3) Threat of not being awarded non-audit engagements if disagree with directors’ accounting treatment.
4) Accountant threatened by audit partner of not being promoted within the firm if disagree with client.
5) Dominant personality of client director attempting to influence decisions.
6) Pressure to reduce inappropriately the extent of work performed in order to reduce fees.
另外一方面是要求對上訴各種threats給出一種應對措施即safeguards,那根據(jù)歷年真題的總結(jié),老師發(fā)現(xiàn)常見的safeguards其實無外乎以下幾種:
第一種safeguard簡單粗暴的是Decline拒絕,適用于被審計客戶向?qū)徲嫀熖峁┒Y物和款待gifts and hospitality,向?qū)徲嫀熖峁┨貏e待遇preferential treatment,或者是請求審計師替客戶打官司,代表客戶與稅務局打交道等Advocacy threat涉及到的情形,都應當直接拒絕客戶(尤其涉及禮物金額較大的情況下);
第二種常見的safeguard是Rotation of team member將“受到污染”的同事?lián)Q掉,例如與被審計客戶存在各種親密關系,跟客戶商討聘用事宜,在客戶那邊有優(yōu)惠利率的貸款,以及為客戶提供記賬,稅務,咨詢等服務,這類審計團隊成員都應被剔除出該項目的審計團隊;
另外一些safeguards則更多是見招拆招,如客戶不支付審計費,我們就和他商定還錢的時間表;某個客戶收費占比過高,就減少一些非審計服務;遇到客戶的各種威脅和恐嚇就可選擇辭任審計師等等,我們可以根據(jù)具體情形給出相應的應對措施,所以并不建議大家對所有的threats都采用統(tǒng)一的safeguard,而是應該見招拆招,逐一化解。
希望通過上述總結(jié),能幫助大家更好的解答職業(yè)道德部分的題目,爭取這部分得到滿分!
來源:ACCA學習幫