學(xué)習(xí)初級(jí)會(huì)計(jì)的時(shí)候,考生都會(huì)接觸到長(zhǎng)期借款及短期借款相關(guān)內(nèi)容,其又涉及到一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債科目的問(wèn)題。這也是初級(jí)會(huì)計(jì)考試的重要考點(diǎn),那么長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債科目有哪些呢?下面快跟著會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)小編一起來(lái)看看吧!
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債科目有哪些?
答:長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債科目包括了長(zhǎng)期借款、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款、預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債、 遞延所得稅負(fù)債、專(zhuān)項(xiàng)應(yīng)付款、應(yīng)付債券及其他非流動(dòng)負(fù)債等。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債含義:長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債指的是非流動(dòng)負(fù)債,這一內(nèi)容屬于會(huì)計(jì)分錄。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),其指的是債務(wù)已超過(guò)1年期限。
流動(dòng)負(fù)債包括:短期借款、應(yīng)付賬款、 預(yù)收賬款、應(yīng)付股利、 應(yīng)付利息、 應(yīng)交稅費(fèi)、應(yīng)付票據(jù)、 應(yīng)付職工薪酬及其他應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)等等。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債特點(diǎn)是什么?
1、長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債能夠償還的基本前提為企業(yè)短期償債能力相對(duì)較強(qiáng)。即,長(zhǎng)期償債能力的基礎(chǔ)就是短期償債。
2、長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債數(shù)額比較大,本金償還方面有著積累過(guò)程的體現(xiàn)。企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期償債能力往往與獲利能力息息相關(guān)。因?yàn)樗髽I(yè)所反映的現(xiàn)金凈流入就是真實(shí)的報(bào)告收益。
3、由于企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債數(shù)據(jù)的具體大小與企業(yè)資本結(jié)構(gòu)合理性有所關(guān)聯(lián),因此,長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)需從償債及資本結(jié)構(gòu)合理性這兩個(gè)角度來(lái)考慮。
4、常見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債為長(zhǎng)期借款、住房基金、公司債券等。
會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)總結(jié):長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債,其實(shí)也就是非流動(dòng)負(fù)債,具備了數(shù)額大、償還期長(zhǎng)等特點(diǎn)。其科目可參考以上,各位考生都掌握了長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債的內(nèi)容了嗎?
眾所周知,ACCA涉及的學(xué)科比較多,知識(shí)點(diǎn)涵蓋范圍也比較廣,也很容易使得考生們將各知識(shí)點(diǎn)和遺忘。今天,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)繼續(xù)為大家介紹ACCA另一個(gè)重難點(diǎn):audit evidence(審計(jì)證據(jù)),大家可以適當(dāng)做一下筆記加深印象。
首先審計(jì)證據(jù)要滿足兩個(gè)條件:
sufficient(充足的)& appropriateness(恰當(dāng)?shù)?
Sufficient指的是數(shù)量(quantity)上要充足,appropriateness指的是質(zhì)量(quality)上要過(guò)關(guān)。
那么首先我們來(lái)看一下審計(jì)師都可以通過(guò)哪些audit procedures(審計(jì)程序)來(lái)獲取審計(jì)證據(jù)。
01、Audit procedures(審計(jì)程序)的分類(lèi):
? Tests of controls (控制測(cè)試)
Tests of controls are audit procedures designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.控制測(cè)試指的是為了評(píng)估被審計(jì)單位內(nèi)部控制的有效性而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的審計(jì)程序,其中有效的內(nèi)控指的是能夠及時(shí)的預(yù)防或者發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正認(rèn)定層次重大錯(cuò)報(bào)的內(nèi)控。
? Substantive procedures(實(shí)質(zhì)性程序)
Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed todetect material misstatements at the assertion level.實(shí)質(zhì)性程序是指審計(jì)師為了發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)定層次的重大錯(cuò)報(bào)而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的審計(jì)程序。
02、Substantive procedures 分類(lèi):
? Analytical procedures (實(shí)質(zhì)性分析程序)
Analytical procedures as substantive procedures tend to be appropriate for large volumes of predictable transactions.實(shí)質(zhì)性分析程序更適用于分析一些交易量大的交易或事項(xiàng)并獲取審計(jì)證據(jù),比如與薪酬相關(guān)的科目。
? Tests of detail (細(xì)節(jié)測(cè)試)
Tests of detail may be appropriate to gain information about account balances.細(xì)節(jié)測(cè)試更適用于獲取科目余額相關(guān)的審計(jì)證據(jù),如存貨或應(yīng)收賬款。
以上就是對(duì)于audit procedures的分類(lèi),這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)需要同學(xué)能夠熟練的理解并掌握,因?yàn)闀?huì)貫穿到后面整個(gè)AA科目的學(xué)習(xí)哦。
同時(shí),有一個(gè)小的知識(shí)點(diǎn)也需要大家注意(敲黑板)↓↓↓
03、知識(shí)點(diǎn)注意
考試過(guò)程中題目會(huì)考察考生對(duì)Tests of detail的描述,請(qǐng)注意寫(xiě)答案的時(shí)候一定要是完整的答案,我們先來(lái)看一下下面的三句話:
a. Check sales invoices
b. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices
c. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices to ensure the accuracy of sales transaction
以上三個(gè)表述不難看出C是表達(dá)的最完整的,這個(gè)也是考試的時(shí)候?qū)τ趖ests of detail表達(dá)的要求,需要具體寫(xiě)出要做什么行為以及該行為的目的是什么,兩者都點(diǎn)到才有滿分~
為了方便大家理解,再給大家看幾句完整的tests of detail的表達(dá)句式:
? Inspection of contract amount to ensure the accuracy of the amounts recorded in the financial statements
? Physical inspection of non-current assets to ensure their existence, such as warehouse and equipment.
Agree long term liabilities to the relevant loan agreement to ensure it's right and obligation
以上就是今天分享的AA知識(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,同學(xué)們要掌握好audit procedures的分類(lèi)、每一個(gè)程序的定義、以及tests of detail的表達(dá)。我們下期再見(jiàn)~
本文為ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫原創(chuàng)文章,獨(dú)家版權(quán)歸于本平臺(tái),受到原創(chuàng)保護(hù)。任何渠道的轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)后臺(tái)留言聯(lián)系授權(quán),侵權(quán)必究。
相信各位ACCA考生在平時(shí)的做題以及上課過(guò)程中都已經(jīng)接觸到了與SOPL和SOFP相關(guān)的一些知識(shí)。SOPL和SOFP都是ACCA(AB)科目中比較重點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)給大家整理了與SOFP和SOPL相聯(lián)系的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
SOFP介紹
首先我們來(lái)看一下資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。它的英文名稱叫做Statement of financial position, 簡(jiǎn)稱SOFP。曾用名是Balance sheet,簡(jiǎn)稱B/S。資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表其強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)點(diǎn)的概念,也就是at a particular date。它看的是截止到這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上的asset、liability以及equity的狀況是怎樣的。
所謂的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表觀指的是 Asset=Liability+Equity。
Asset分為Non current asset 和Current asset。Non current asset是指不能在1年或者超過(guò)1年的1個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)變現(xiàn)或者耗用的資產(chǎn)。典型的Non current asset有:Property, plant and equipment; Current asset是指企業(yè)可以在1年或者超過(guò)1年的1個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)變現(xiàn)或者運(yùn)用的資產(chǎn)。常見(jiàn)的Current asset有:Inventory; Trade receivables; Cash and cash equivalents. Share capital以及Retained earning是屬于Equity中的。
Liability也是分為Non current liability和Current liability的。Non current liability非流動(dòng)負(fù)債又稱為長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債。是指償還期在1年以上的債務(wù)。比如:Long-term borrowing; Current liability流動(dòng)負(fù)債是指在1年或者1年以內(nèi)的1個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)償還的債務(wù)。比如:Trade payable; Short term borrowing.
站在AB科目的角度上,對(duì)于資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表這里,我們還涉及一個(gè)公式:Working capital營(yíng)運(yùn)資本=current asset-current liability
SOPL介紹
接下來(lái),我們?cè)賮?lái)看下利潤(rùn)表。它的英文名稱叫做Statement of profit or loss 簡(jiǎn)稱SOPL。它也可以叫做 income statement, 它是反映企業(yè)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)(月份、年度) 經(jīng)營(yíng)成果(利潤(rùn)或虧損) 的報(bào)表。
在學(xué)習(xí)AB科目的時(shí)候,我們也要簡(jiǎn)單的知道哪些是屬于SOPL中的。
比如 Revenue/sales/turnover; Cost of sales; Gross profit; Expense......這些都是屬于SOPL中的。所以考試的時(shí)候一定要判斷出來(lái),哪些是屬于SOFP,哪些是屬于SOPL的。
相信大家在做題的時(shí)候也發(fā)現(xiàn)了,有的題目會(huì)說(shuō)高估期末存貨對(duì)profit有什么影響?這是由于一個(gè)公式得來(lái)的。
Opening inventory + purchase - cost of sales = Closing inventory
如果高估期末存貨,那么就相當(dāng)于低估了cost of sales。那么根據(jù)SOPL的格式。Revenue-cost of sales=gross profit,所以低估cost of sales就相當(dāng)于高估了profit。所以才是高估期末存貨相當(dāng)于高估了gross profit。
好啦,本期的知識(shí)點(diǎn)就到這里結(jié)束了,我們下期再見(jiàn)。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債可以理解為償還期在一年以上的債務(wù),短期負(fù)債一般要求在一年以內(nèi)償還,長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和短期負(fù)債具體包括哪些會(huì)計(jì)科目?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和短期負(fù)債主要包括哪些科目?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債項(xiàng)目包括:長(zhǎng)期借款,應(yīng)付債券,長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款,其他長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債。
短期負(fù)債項(xiàng)目包括:短期借款,應(yīng)付賬款,預(yù)收賬款,應(yīng)付職工薪酬,應(yīng)交稅費(fèi),應(yīng)付股利,其他應(yīng)付款,其他應(yīng)交款等。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和短期負(fù)債如何理解?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是指償還期在一年或一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期以上的債務(wù),主要有長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債與流動(dòng)負(fù)債相比,具有數(shù)額較大、償還期限較長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)。因此,舉借長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債往往附有一定的條件,如需要企業(yè)指定某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)作為還款的擔(dān)保品,要求企業(yè)指定擔(dān)保人。設(shè)置償債基金等,以保護(hù)債權(quán)人經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債可按不同的標(biāo)志進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。
(1)根據(jù)籌集方式,可分為長(zhǎng)期借款、公司債券、住房基金和長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等;
(2)按不同的償還方式,可分為定期償還的長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和分期償還的長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債;
(3)按債務(wù)是否有抵押,分為抵押長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債,沒(méi)有抵押品的稱為信用借款。
短期負(fù)債是企業(yè)籌資的重要來(lái)源之一。對(duì)于投資項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō),其部分資金來(lái)源可通過(guò)短期負(fù)債獲得。如部分流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)投資可以通過(guò)舉借短期債務(wù)的方式籌集;項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程中的某些短期需要也可以利用短期資金作為來(lái)源。當(dāng)企業(yè)作為其他企業(yè)的中短期資金的債權(quán)人時(shí),它也可以相應(yīng)地按需要去籌借短期資金。短期債務(wù)一般要求在一年以內(nèi)償還,主要通過(guò)商業(yè)信用或銀行信用兩種渠道取得。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是償還期在一年以上的債務(wù),比如長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券等,在會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)中長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是非流動(dòng)負(fù)債嗎?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是不是非流動(dòng)負(fù)債?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是非流動(dòng)負(fù)債,非流動(dòng)負(fù)債又稱為長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債。是指償還期在一年以上的債務(wù)。非流動(dòng)負(fù)債主要是企業(yè)為籌集長(zhǎng)期投資項(xiàng)目所需資金而發(fā)生的,比如企業(yè)為購(gòu)買(mǎi)大型設(shè)備而向銀行借入的中長(zhǎng)期貸款。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債分類(lèi)
1、根據(jù)籌集方式,可分為長(zhǎng)期借款、公司債券、住房基金和長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等;
2、按不同的償還方式,可分為定期償還的長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和分期償還的長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債;
3、按債務(wù)是否有抵押,分為抵押長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債,沒(méi)有抵押品的稱為信用借款。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債包括哪些科目?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債包括長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款、專(zhuān)項(xiàng)應(yīng)付款、預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債、遞延所得稅負(fù)債、其他非流動(dòng)負(fù)債等科目。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和非流動(dòng)負(fù)債的區(qū)別
1、非流動(dòng)負(fù)債包括長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款、專(zhuān)項(xiàng)應(yīng)付款、預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債、遞延所得稅負(fù)債和其他非流動(dòng)負(fù)債。
2、長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債一般為到期日在一年以上的各種融資借款,如長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等。一般而言,除了還款期長(zhǎng)之外、長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債還有金額較大、利息較高等特性。
3、非流動(dòng)負(fù)債包括長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債,長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債屬于非流動(dòng)負(fù)債。
在ACCA考試里,F(xiàn)A科目會(huì)涉及到比較多有關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的考點(diǎn)知識(shí),除了如何編制財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表外,如何去分析一家企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表同樣會(huì)經(jīng)常作為考點(diǎn)問(wèn)題來(lái)考察大家,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟各位考生詳解這個(gè)高頻考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
FA對(duì)于這部分內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí)要求是掌握財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)的計(jì)算方法,了解財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,解釋每個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)所代表的含義,從而用這些指標(biāo)來(lái)解讀報(bào)表,分析一家企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況。
一家公司的報(bào)表可以從四個(gè)維度來(lái)分析:
①企業(yè)的盈利能力
②企業(yè)的流動(dòng)性
③企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)能力
④企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標(biāo)有:
Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導(dǎo)致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說(shuō)當(dāng)公司的銷(xiāo)售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化,這時(shí)就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導(dǎo)致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒(méi)有隨著銷(xiāo)售收入的增加而變大
Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率不僅衡量了一個(gè)公司的銷(xiāo)售貨物或者提供服務(wù)產(chǎn)生的利潤(rùn)率,同時(shí)也衡量了這個(gè)公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率也會(huì)因?yàn)槠鋙perating expense的變化而改變。
ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤(rùn)率有時(shí)候是沒(méi)有可比性的,因?yàn)楣疽?guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤(rùn)率要大于小公司的利潤(rùn)率,所以一家大公司的利潤(rùn)率是不能與一家小公司的利潤(rùn)率進(jìn)行直接的對(duì)比;
ROCE衡量的是一個(gè)公司資本的回報(bào)率,即每投$1的capital進(jìn)公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤(rùn),這里財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)同時(shí)也衡量了這個(gè)公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對(duì)于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報(bào)的投資項(xiàng)目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)效率的指標(biāo)有:
Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對(duì)比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進(jìn)公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)考慮一個(gè)問(wèn)題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購(gòu)買(mǎi)一個(gè)固定資產(chǎn),會(huì)對(duì)ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會(huì)變?。哼@是由于assets的增加,會(huì)使得分母變大,assets的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時(shí)間內(nèi)不會(huì)因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導(dǎo)致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)情況的惡化。
Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷(xiāo)售出去,這個(gè)值應(yīng)該是越小越好。
Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)是用于計(jì)算企業(yè)從賒銷(xiāo)貨物到收到錢(qián)這個(gè)過(guò)程所花費(fèi)的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)是用于計(jì)算公司的的信用期間,越長(zhǎng)就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動(dòng)性的指標(biāo):
Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動(dòng)性比率越大,說(shuō)明這個(gè)公司的流動(dòng)性越好
Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動(dòng)比率的基礎(chǔ)上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)的指標(biāo):
Gearing:Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對(duì)于發(fā)行股票是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較高的融資方式,因?yàn)榘l(fā)債會(huì)有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無(wú)法償還相應(yīng)的本金或者利息,就會(huì)使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時(shí)分險(xiǎn)也被放大。
05、例題
下面來(lái)分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價(jià)上漲的情況下,采用先進(jìn)先出法下的closing inventory的價(jià)值會(huì)大于采用加權(quán)平均法下closing inventory的價(jià)值,所以對(duì)于 inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會(huì)變大。 Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會(huì)變大 Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會(huì)有一些同學(xué)產(chǎn)生疑問(wèn),inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會(huì)使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會(huì)受到影響呢?
這是因?yàn)樗鉸uick ratio時(shí)已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無(wú)論inventory變大變小都不會(huì)對(duì)quick ratio有影響。
換句話說(shuō),current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無(wú)關(guān)。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
在ACCA考試中,audit evidence(審計(jì)證據(jù))每年基本上都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在試卷題目中,很多同學(xué)都會(huì)在這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)上丟分,下面會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天就跟大家著重詳解這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
01、Audit procedures(審計(jì)程序)的分類(lèi):
Tests of controls (控制測(cè)試)
Tests of controls are audit procedures designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.控制測(cè)試指的是為了評(píng)估被審計(jì)單位內(nèi)部控制的有效性而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的審計(jì)程序,其中有效的內(nèi)控指的是能夠及時(shí)的預(yù)防或者發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正認(rèn)定層次重大錯(cuò)報(bào)的內(nèi)控。
Substantive procedures(實(shí)質(zhì)性程序)
Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed todetect material misstatements at the assertion level.實(shí)質(zhì)性程序是指審計(jì)師為了發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)定層次的重大錯(cuò)報(bào)而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的審計(jì)程序。
02、Substantive procedures 分類(lèi):
Analytical procedures (實(shí)質(zhì)性分析程序)
Analytical procedures as substantive procedures tend to be appropriate for large volumes of predictable transactions.實(shí)質(zhì)性分析程序更適用于分析一些交易量大的交易或事項(xiàng)并獲取審計(jì)證據(jù),比如與薪酬相關(guān)的科目。
Tests of detail (細(xì)節(jié)測(cè)試)
Tests of detail may be appropriate to gain information about account balances.細(xì)節(jié)測(cè)試更適用于獲取科目余額相關(guān)的審計(jì)證據(jù),如存貨或應(yīng)收賬款。
以上就是對(duì)于audit procedures的分類(lèi),這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)需要同學(xué)能夠熟練的理解并掌握,因?yàn)闀?huì)貫穿到后面整個(gè)AA科目的學(xué)習(xí)哦。
03、知識(shí)點(diǎn)注意
考試過(guò)程中題目會(huì)考察考生對(duì)Tests of detail的描述,請(qǐng)注意寫(xiě)答案的時(shí)候一定要是完整的答案,我們先來(lái)看一下下面的三句話:
a. Check sales invoices
b. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices
c. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices to ensure the accuracy of sales transaction
以上三個(gè)表述不難看出C是表達(dá)的最完整的,這個(gè)也是考試的時(shí)候?qū)τ趖ests of detail表達(dá)的要求,需要具體寫(xiě)出要做什么行為以及該行為的目的是什么,兩者都點(diǎn)到才有滿分~
為了方便大家理解,再給大家看幾句完整的tests of detail的表達(dá)句式:
? Inspection of contract amount to ensure the accuracy of the amounts recorded in the financial statements
? Physical inspection of non-current assets to ensure their existence, such as warehouse and equipment.
Agree long term liabilities to the relevant loan agreement to ensure it's right and obligation
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
企業(yè)發(fā)生的長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債,一般是指償還期在一年以上的債務(wù),數(shù)額相對(duì)較大,具體包括哪些內(nèi)容?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債包括哪些?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債主要有長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等。長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債與流動(dòng)負(fù)債相比,具有數(shù)額較大、償還期限較長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)。因此,舉借長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債往往附有一定的條件,如需要企業(yè)指定某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)作為還款的擔(dān)保品,要求企業(yè)指定擔(dān)保人。設(shè)置償債基金等,以保護(hù)債權(quán)人經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。
流動(dòng)負(fù)債的概念
流動(dòng)負(fù)債是企業(yè)將在1年內(nèi)或超過(guò)一年的一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)償還的債務(wù)。從理論上說(shuō),流動(dòng)負(fù)債與流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)是密切相關(guān)的,通過(guò)兩者的比較可以大致了解企業(yè)的短期償債能力和清算能力。
流動(dòng)負(fù)債主要包括短期借款、應(yīng)付票據(jù)、應(yīng)付賬款、預(yù)收賬款、應(yīng)付職工薪酬、應(yīng)付股利、應(yīng)付利息、應(yīng)交稅費(fèi)、其他暫收應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)和一年內(nèi)到期的短期借款等。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債比率是什么意思?
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債比率又稱“資本化比率”,是從總體上判斷企業(yè)債務(wù)狀況的一個(gè)指標(biāo),它是長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債與資產(chǎn)總額的比率。資產(chǎn)總額是負(fù)債與股東權(quán)益之和。
負(fù)債是什么意思?
負(fù)債,是指企業(yè)過(guò)去的交易或者事項(xiàng)形成的,預(yù)期會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出企業(yè)的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)。除了符合基本定義外,還要同時(shí)滿足兩個(gè)條件:
1、與該義務(wù)有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能流出企業(yè);
2、未來(lái)流出的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的金額能夠可靠的計(jì)量。
負(fù)債具有以下特征:
1、負(fù)債是企業(yè)承擔(dān)的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù);
2、負(fù)債的清償預(yù)期會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出企業(yè);
3、負(fù)債是由過(guò)去的交易或事項(xiàng)形成的;
4、負(fù)債以法律、有關(guān)制度條例或合同契約的承諾作為依據(jù);
5、流出的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的金額能夠可靠的計(jì)量;
6、負(fù)債有確切的債權(quán)人和償還日期,或者債權(quán)人和償還日期可以合理加以估計(jì)。
在ACCA(FA)科目里,財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)的計(jì)算一直都是??嫉闹匾键c(diǎn)之一,通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)該考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,考生也可以全面的去分析一家企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況。接下來(lái)會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天就跟大家詳解這個(gè)??键c(diǎn)。
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標(biāo)有:
Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導(dǎo)致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說(shuō)當(dāng)公司的銷(xiāo)售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化,這時(shí)就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導(dǎo)致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒(méi)有隨著銷(xiāo)售收入的增加而變大。
Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率不僅衡量了一個(gè)公司的銷(xiāo)售貨物或者提供服務(wù)產(chǎn)生的利潤(rùn)率,同時(shí)也衡量了這個(gè)公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率也會(huì)因?yàn)槠鋙perating expense的變化而改變。
ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤(rùn)率有時(shí)候是沒(méi)有可比性的,因?yàn)楣疽?guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤(rùn)率要大于小公司的利潤(rùn)率,所以一家大公司的利潤(rùn)率是不能與一家小公司的利潤(rùn)率進(jìn)行直接的對(duì)比;
ROCE衡量的是一個(gè)公司資本的回報(bào)率,即每投$1的capital進(jìn)公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤(rùn),這里財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)同時(shí)也衡量了這個(gè)公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對(duì)于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報(bào)的投資項(xiàng)目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)效率的指標(biāo)有:
Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對(duì)比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進(jìn)公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)考慮一個(gè)問(wèn)題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購(gòu)買(mǎi)一個(gè)固定資產(chǎn),會(huì)對(duì)ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會(huì)變?。哼@是由于assets的增加,會(huì)使得分母變大,assets的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時(shí)間內(nèi)不會(huì)因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導(dǎo)致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)情況的惡化。
Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷(xiāo)售出去,這個(gè)值應(yīng)該是越小越好。
Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)是用于計(jì)算企業(yè)從賒銷(xiāo)貨物到收到錢(qián)這個(gè)過(guò)程所花費(fèi)的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)是用于計(jì)算公司的的信用期間,越長(zhǎng)就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動(dòng)性的指標(biāo):
Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動(dòng)性比率越大,說(shuō)明這個(gè)公司的流動(dòng)性越好
Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動(dòng)比率的基礎(chǔ)上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)的指標(biāo):
Gearing:Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對(duì)于發(fā)行股票是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較高的融資方式,因?yàn)榘l(fā)債會(huì)有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無(wú)法償還相應(yīng)的本金或者利息,就會(huì)使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時(shí)分險(xiǎn)也被放大。
05、例題
下面來(lái)分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價(jià)上漲的情況下,采用先進(jìn)先出法下的closing inventory的價(jià)值會(huì)大于采用加權(quán)平均法下closing inventory的價(jià)值,所以對(duì)于inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會(huì)變大。 Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會(huì)變大 Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會(huì)有一些同學(xué)產(chǎn)生疑問(wèn),inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會(huì)使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會(huì)受到影響呢?
這是因?yàn)樗鉸uick ratio時(shí)已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無(wú)論inventory變大變小都不會(huì)對(duì)quick ratio有影響。
換句話說(shuō),current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無(wú)關(guān)。 b. Jessie Co has a 31 July 20X3 year end. On 31 July 20X3 issues 7% redeemable preference repayable in ten years' time.What is the effect of this on the return on capital employed (ROCE) and gearing ratio (debt/capital employed) for year ended 31 July 20X3? redeemable preference share可贖回優(yōu)先股是作為一個(gè)Non-current liability處理的。
ROCE=Profit before tax and interest/capital employed (equity + NCL),分子不變,分母增加,導(dǎo)致ROCE變小。
有的同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn):發(fā)放優(yōu)先股難道所有者權(quán)益不增加嗎?
優(yōu)先股可分為可贖回和不可贖回優(yōu)先股。
不可贖回優(yōu)先股,作為公司equity來(lái)對(duì)待;
可贖回優(yōu)先股,說(shuō)明股東有權(quán)利將股票贖回,也就是公司無(wú)法避免未來(lái)可能會(huì)發(fā)生cash out to pay these redeemable preference shares,那么既然無(wú)法避免,出于謹(jǐn)慎性原則,就將其記錄為負(fù)債。 謝謝大家,今天的講解到此結(jié)束,祝大家備考順利!
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)3階段涉及了不少跟財(cái)務(wù)工作相關(guān)的考點(diǎn),其中就包括有資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表等內(nèi)容,今天,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家著重講解“Consolidated statement of financial position”這個(gè)考點(diǎn)。
固定資產(chǎn):
直接相加,母公司賬上的investment in subsidiary與子公司的share capital和share premium抵消產(chǎn)生goodwill和NCI。
流動(dòng)資產(chǎn):
直接相加,唯一需要調(diào)整的就是當(dāng)出現(xiàn)內(nèi)部交易而產(chǎn)生未實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)的時(shí)候,inventory要調(diào)減unrealized profit,內(nèi)部有未結(jié)帳款的時(shí)候,要調(diào)減receivable(和payable)(working6)
Equity:
share capital 和share premium只體現(xiàn)母公司的,retained earnings和NCI都可以從working得到
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債:直接相加
短期負(fù)債:直接相加,注意內(nèi)部交易的未結(jié)款項(xiàng)
一張完整的報(bào)表就可以完成啦。
Assets
Non-current assets
PPE(母公司+子公司)
Investment in subsidiary--->0
Goodwill(w3)
Current assets
Inventory(母公司+子公司-unrealized profit)
Receivable(母公司+子公司-intro-balance)
Cash(母公司+子公司)
Equity
Share capital (母公司)
Share premium(母公司)
Retained earnings(w5)
Non-controlling interests(w4)
Revaluation reserve(母公司+share of S’s post acquisition revaluation surplus)
Non-current liabilities(母公司+子公司)
Current liabilities
Traded payables(母公司+子公司-intro-balance)
Interest payable(母公司+子公司)
Tax payable(母公司+子公司)
Total equity and liabilities
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
在往年ACCA考試中,“audit evidence”經(jīng)常都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在試卷里,并且也是一個(gè)讓考生難以理解、容易混淆的??键c(diǎn),今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家詳解這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
01、Audit procedures(審計(jì)程序)的分類(lèi):
Tests of controls (控制測(cè)試)
Tests of controls are audit procedures designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.控制測(cè)試指的是為了評(píng)估被審計(jì)單位內(nèi)部控制的有效性而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的審計(jì)程序,其中有效的內(nèi)控指的是能夠及時(shí)的預(yù)防或者發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正認(rèn)定層次重大錯(cuò)報(bào)的內(nèi)控。
Substantive procedures(實(shí)質(zhì)性程序)
Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed to detect material misstatements at the assertion level.實(shí)質(zhì)性程序是指審計(jì)師為了發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)定層次的重大錯(cuò)報(bào)而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的審計(jì)程序。
02、Substantive procedures 分類(lèi):
Analytical procedures (實(shí)質(zhì)性分析程序)
Analytical procedures as substantive procedures tend to be appropriate for large volumes of predictable transactions.實(shí)質(zhì)性分析程序更適用于分析一些交易量大的交易或事項(xiàng)并獲取審計(jì)證據(jù),比如與薪酬相關(guān)的科目。
Tests of detail (細(xì)節(jié)測(cè)試)
Tests of detail may be appropriate to gain information about account balances.細(xì)節(jié)測(cè)試更適用于獲取科目余額相關(guān)的審計(jì)證據(jù),如存貨或應(yīng)收賬款。
以上就是對(duì)于audit procedures的分類(lèi),這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)需要同學(xué)能夠熟練的理解并掌握,因?yàn)闀?huì)貫穿到后面整個(gè)AA科目的學(xué)習(xí)哦。
同時(shí),有一個(gè)小的知識(shí)點(diǎn)也需要大家注意(敲黑板)↓↓↓
03、知識(shí)點(diǎn)注意
考試過(guò)程中題目會(huì)考察考生對(duì)Tests of detail的描述,請(qǐng)注意寫(xiě)答案的時(shí)候一定要是完整的答案,我們先來(lái)看一下下面的三句話:
a. Check sales invoices
b. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices
c. Inspect the amount from a sample of sales invoices to ensure the accuracy of sales transaction
以上三個(gè)表述不難看出C是表達(dá)的最完整的,這個(gè)也是考試的時(shí)候?qū)τ趖ests of detail表達(dá)的要求,需要具體寫(xiě)出要做什么行為以及該行為的目的是什么,兩者都點(diǎn)到才有滿分~
為了方便大家理解,再給大家看幾句完整的tests of detail的表達(dá)句式:
Inspection of contract amount to ensure the accuracy of the amounts recorded in the financial statements
Physical inspection of non-current assets to ensure their existence, such as warehouse and equipment.
Agree long term liabilities to the relevant loan agreement to ensure it's right and obligation
以上就是今天分享的AA知識(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,同學(xué)們要掌握好audit procedures的分類(lèi)、每一個(gè)程序的定義、以及tests of detail的表達(dá)。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)A科目涉及比較多與財(cái)會(huì)相關(guān)的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),并且要求大家掌握財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)的計(jì)算方法,了解財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,解釋每個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)所代表的含義,從而用這些指標(biāo)來(lái)解讀報(bào)表,分析一家企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況。今天,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家詳解這些考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
一家公司的報(bào)表可以從四個(gè)維度來(lái)分析:
?、倨髽I(yè)的盈利能力
?、谄髽I(yè)的流動(dòng)性
?、燮髽I(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)能力
?、芷髽I(yè)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)
01、FA中分析企業(yè)盈利能力的指標(biāo)有:
Gross profit margin = gross profit / sales revenue * 100%
導(dǎo)致毛利率發(fā)生改變的原因有selling price,purchase cost,production costs的改變,比如說(shuō)當(dāng)公司的銷(xiāo)售收入在增加,但是毛利率沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化,這時(shí)就要考慮是否是公司的成本控制不好導(dǎo)致成本的增加,從而使得毛利率沒(méi)有隨著銷(xiāo)售收入的增加而變大。
Operating profit margin = PBIT / sales revenue * 100%
經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率不僅衡量了一個(gè)公司的銷(xiāo)售貨物或者提供服務(wù)產(chǎn)生的利潤(rùn)率,同時(shí)也衡量了這個(gè)公司的管理效率。所以在公司毛利率保持不變的情況下,公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率也會(huì)因?yàn)槠鋙perating expense的變化而改變。
ROCE = operating profit / capital employed * 100%
Capital employed = non-current liability + equityorCapital employed = total assets – current liability
Profitability利潤(rùn)率有時(shí)候是沒(méi)有可比性的,因?yàn)楣疽?guī)模的不同。譬如,一般大公司的利潤(rùn)率要大于小公司的利潤(rùn)率,所以一家大公司的利潤(rùn)率是不能與一家小公司的利潤(rùn)率進(jìn)行直接的對(duì)比;
ROCE衡量的是一個(gè)公司資本的回報(bào)率,即每投$1的capital進(jìn)公司產(chǎn)生多少利潤(rùn),這里財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)同時(shí)也衡量了這個(gè)公司的資源利用率,如果一家公司ROCE比較低,特別是對(duì)于一家小公司,這是就建議公司處置其部分固定資產(chǎn),并將處置收益投入到高回報(bào)的投資項(xiàng)目中。
02、FA中分析企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)效率的指標(biāo)有:
Net asset turnover = sales revenue / capital employed
對(duì)比ROCE,net assets turnover 衡量的是每投$1的capital進(jìn)公司產(chǎn)生多少的收入。
現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)考慮一個(gè)問(wèn)題:如果公司現(xiàn)在購(gòu)買(mǎi)一個(gè)固定資產(chǎn),會(huì)對(duì)ROCE和Net asset turnover產(chǎn)生什么影響?
短期內(nèi),ROCE和assets turnover都會(huì)變?。哼@是由于assets的增加,會(huì)使得分母變大,assets的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致的產(chǎn)能增加,但是收入在短時(shí)間內(nèi)不會(huì)因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)能的增加而增加,從而導(dǎo)致ROCE和assets turnover變小,但這并不意味著公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)情況的惡化。
Inventory turnover period = inventory / cost of sales * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)衡量的是存貨要在公司里留存多久才能被銷(xiāo)售出去,這個(gè)值應(yīng)該是越小越好。
Receivable collection period = trade receivable / credit sales * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)是用于計(jì)算企業(yè)從賒銷(xiāo)貨物到收到錢(qián)這個(gè)過(guò)程所花費(fèi)的天數(shù),所以越短就意味著公司資金回收的速度越快。
Payables payment period = trade payable / credit purchase * 365days
這個(gè)指標(biāo)是用于計(jì)算公司的的信用期間,越長(zhǎng)就意味著公司可以越晚支付account payable,從而更能減輕公司的現(xiàn)金流壓力。
03、FA中分析企業(yè)的流動(dòng)性的指標(biāo):
Current ratio = current assets / current liability
流動(dòng)性比率越大,說(shuō)明這個(gè)公司的流動(dòng)性越好
Quick ratio = current assets – inventory / current liability
速凍比率是在流動(dòng)比率的基礎(chǔ)上將current assets減去了inventory。
04、FA中分析企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)的指標(biāo):
Gearing:Debt / equity = long term debt / equity
Interest cover = PBIT / interest payable
舉債相對(duì)于發(fā)行股票是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較高的融資方式,因?yàn)榘l(fā)債會(huì)有固定的利息和本金需要償還,如果到期無(wú)法償還相應(yīng)的本金或者利息,就會(huì)使得企業(yè)發(fā)生insolvency的情況。
Gearing杠杠在這里指的是收益放大的同時(shí)分險(xiǎn)也被放大。
05、例題
下面來(lái)分析兩道題:a. In a period of rising prices, what is the effect of valuing closing inventory using FIFO instead of AVCO on the following ratios?1. Inventory turnover days2. Current ratio3. Quick ratio
在物價(jià)上漲的情況下,采用先進(jìn)先出法下的closing inventory的價(jià)值會(huì)大于采用加權(quán)平均法下closing inventory的價(jià)值,所以對(duì)于
inventory turnover days=closing inventory / purchase *365,會(huì)變大。
Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities , 會(huì)變大
Quick ratio = (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities,不受closing inventory的值影響。
在這里會(huì)有一些同學(xué)產(chǎn)生疑問(wèn),inventory是減數(shù),inventory的變大,會(huì)使分子變小,從而使quick ratio變小,為什么不會(huì)受到影響呢?
這是因?yàn)樗鉸uick ratio時(shí)已經(jīng)將inventory從current assets中扣除,所以無(wú)論inventory變大變小都不會(huì)對(duì)quick ratio有影響。
換句話說(shuō),current assets= inventory + other current assets(current assets包含了inventory和除inventory以外的current assets)current assets - inventory = inventory + other current assets - inventory所以quick ratio = other current assets(除inventory以外的current assets)/ current liability故quick ratio和inventory無(wú)關(guān)。
b. Jessie Co has a 31 July 20X3 year end. On 31 July 20X3 issues 7% redeemable preference repayable in ten years' time.What is the effect of this on the return on capital employed (ROCE) and gearing ratio (debt/capital employed) for year ended 31 July 20X3? redeemable preference share可贖回優(yōu)先股是作為一個(gè)Non-current liability處理的。
ROCE=Profit before tax and interest/capital employed (equity + NCL),分子不變,分母增加,導(dǎo)致ROCE變小。
有的同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn):發(fā)放優(yōu)先股難道所有者權(quán)益不增加嗎?
優(yōu)先股可分為可贖回和不可贖回優(yōu)先股。
不可贖回優(yōu)先股,作為公司equity來(lái)對(duì)待;
可贖回優(yōu)先股,說(shuō)明股東有權(quán)利將股票贖回,也就是公司無(wú)法避免未來(lái)可能會(huì)發(fā)生cash out to pay these redeemable preference shares,那么既然無(wú)法避免,出于謹(jǐn)慎性原則,就將其記錄為負(fù)債。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
總負(fù)債是指企業(yè)承擔(dān)并需要償還的全部債務(wù),包括流動(dòng)負(fù)債和長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債、遞延稅項(xiàng)等。負(fù)債實(shí)質(zhì)上指的是企業(yè)在一定時(shí)期之后必須償還的經(jīng)濟(jì)債務(wù)。
總負(fù)債的定義
總負(fù)債是指企業(yè)承擔(dān)并需要償還的全部債務(wù),英文名稱為T(mén)otal liabilities,包括流動(dòng)負(fù)債和長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債、遞延稅項(xiàng)等。
負(fù)債是什么意思
負(fù)債是指企業(yè)過(guò)去的交易或者事項(xiàng)形成的,預(yù)期會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出企業(yè)的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)。
負(fù)債的特征
負(fù)債具有以下特征:
1、負(fù)債是企業(yè)承擔(dān)的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù);
2、負(fù)債的清償預(yù)期會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出企業(yè);
3、負(fù)債是由過(guò)去的交易或事項(xiàng)形成的;
4、負(fù)債以法律、有關(guān)制度條例或合同契約的承諾作為依據(jù);
5、流出的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的金額能夠可靠的計(jì)量;
6、負(fù)債有確切的債權(quán)人和償還日期,或者債權(quán)人和償還日期可以合理加以估計(jì)。
負(fù)債的基本分類(lèi)
負(fù)債一般按其償還速度或償還時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短劃分為長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債和流動(dòng)負(fù)債
1、長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是指償還期在1年或超過(guò)1年的一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期以上的債務(wù),包括長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等;
2、流動(dòng)負(fù)債是指將在1年或超過(guò)1年的一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)償還的債務(wù),主要包括短期借款、應(yīng)付票據(jù)、應(yīng)付賬款、預(yù)收貨款、應(yīng)付職工薪酬、應(yīng)交稅費(fèi)、應(yīng)付利潤(rùn)、其他應(yīng)付款、預(yù)提費(fèi)用等。
PMP考試題型只有單項(xiàng)選擇題,四選一,沒(méi)有多選題、簡(jiǎn)單題、判斷題、問(wèn)答題或論文等。一共180道選擇題:?jiǎn)芜x(170道)+多選(10道左右)。
PMP考試語(yǔ)言是中英文對(duì)照,英文在上,中文在下。
PMP考試題目是什么樣的?
PMP考試題目分A、B卷,內(nèi)容完全一樣,但是題目順序不一樣,這樣保證前后左右考生的題目順序是不一樣的,防止作弊。題目數(shù)量為200道,全部為單選題,答案選ABCD中的一個(gè)字母。
PMP考試試題樣題:
The benefits of a quality control program include:
A、reduced short term costs
B、increased long term costs
C、able to make acceptance decisions
D、a loss in competitiveness
質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)的好處包括:
A、減少短期的成本
B、增加長(zhǎng)期的成本
C、可以進(jìn)行驗(yàn)收決策
D、失去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力
參考答案:C
PMP考試形式與考試時(shí)長(zhǎng)
PMP考試形式如下:
大陸采用填涂答題卡筆試的形式,港澳采用機(jī)考。
PMP考試時(shí)長(zhǎng)為230分鐘。
PMP考試教材有哪些?
PMP考試教材包括:《PMBOK指南》第六版50%+《敏捷實(shí)踐指南》50%。
PMP考試成績(jī)多久出來(lái)?
PMP考試成績(jī)一般考后4~6周出來(lái),屆時(shí)可以在PMI官網(wǎng)查詢成績(jī),成績(jī)出來(lái)PMI也會(huì)及時(shí)用郵件通知。
要注意的是:所有考生的成績(jī)是分批次出的,出成績(jī)的時(shí)間會(huì)持續(xù)一周,所以沒(méi)有及時(shí)查看到自己成績(jī)的學(xué)員也不用著急,畢竟現(xiàn)在參考人數(shù)逐年上漲,這么多學(xué)員的成績(jī)也不可能同時(shí)公布。
一般情況下,PMP考試結(jié)束后的4周左右,PMI會(huì)公布中國(guó)大陸區(qū)的PMP考試成績(jī)。
成功通過(guò)PMP考試的考生,會(huì)在郵箱中收到郵件標(biāo)題為:Congratulations,you have obtained PMP的郵件。
假設(shè)運(yùn)氣不好,PMP考試沒(méi)有過(guò),在PMI網(wǎng)站,myPMI頁(yè)面,在Dashboard右側(cè),看到狀態(tài)是:
Application Status
PMP:Please submit payment for your credential
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債審計(jì)目標(biāo),以長(zhǎng)期借款的審計(jì)目標(biāo)為例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,長(zhǎng)期借款的審計(jì)目標(biāo)一般包括以下五點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,具體如下:
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債審計(jì)目標(biāo)
①確定資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中記錄的長(zhǎng)期借款是否存在;
?、诖_定所有應(yīng)當(dāng)記錄的長(zhǎng)期借款是否均已記錄;
?、鄞_定記錄的長(zhǎng)期借款是否為被審計(jì)單位應(yīng)當(dāng)履行的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù);
?、艽_定長(zhǎng)期借款是否以恰當(dāng)?shù)慕痤~包括在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中,與之相關(guān)的計(jì)價(jià)調(diào)整是否已恰當(dāng)記錄;
?、荽_定長(zhǎng)期借款是否已按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中作出恰當(dāng)列報(bào)。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債審計(jì)解釋
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債審計(jì)是指對(duì)長(zhǎng)期借款、應(yīng)付債券、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款等的審查。長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債是指償還期在一年或超過(guò)一年的一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期以上的債務(wù)。
長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債審計(jì)內(nèi)容
仍以長(zhǎng)期借款審計(jì)內(nèi)容為例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明:
1.長(zhǎng)期借款及其業(yè)務(wù)的真實(shí)性、合法性審查
?。?)需對(duì)長(zhǎng)期借款及利息費(fèi)用明細(xì)匯總表與長(zhǎng)期借款總賬、明細(xì)賬、會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表相核對(duì)。
?。?)檢查借款合同、有關(guān)批文及其他有關(guān)借款的資料,看企業(yè)借款的審批手續(xù)是否齊全。
?。?)對(duì)余額較大或內(nèi)部控制較弱的長(zhǎng)期借款進(jìn)行函證,驗(yàn)證其余額是否真實(shí)。
?。?)檢查長(zhǎng)期借款賬面記錄和原始憑證,驗(yàn)證會(huì)計(jì)記錄的正確性。
?。?)審查長(zhǎng)期借款的抵扣和擔(dān)保情況,看其手續(xù)是否齊全,抵押和擔(dān)保是否符合要求,應(yīng)注意審查抵押資產(chǎn)是否存在,其所有權(quán)是否為企業(yè)所有,提供擔(dān)保的擔(dān)保人是否符合法定要求等。
2.審查長(zhǎng)期借款用途審查
首先,審查企業(yè)是否按借款用途使用借款,有無(wú)亂拉、亂用或?qū)⒔杩钸`規(guī)高息轉(zhuǎn)借其他企業(yè),牟取非法利益的情況;
其次,審查企業(yè)使用借入資金所獲收益能否償還借款本息并有盈余,借款使用中有無(wú)重大損失。
3.審查長(zhǎng)期借款利息支出和有關(guān)費(fèi)用及外幣匯兌差額的計(jì)算和會(huì)計(jì)處理是否正確。
ACCA考試科目一共有15門(mén),其中F2為《管理會(huì)計(jì)》,這門(mén)科目的主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于管理會(huì)計(jì)體系的主要元素和管理會(huì)計(jì)的作用,其中涉及較多的知識(shí)點(diǎn)多且雜,如管理會(huì)計(jì),管理信息,成本會(huì)計(jì)等,考試難點(diǎn)較多,F(xiàn)2《管理會(huì)計(jì)》重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)資料,具體如下:
1.Target cost=target selling price–target profit=market price–desired profit margin.
2.cost gap=estimated cost–target cost.
3.TQM:
①preventing costs
?、赼ppraisal costs
③internal failure costs
?、躤xternal failure cost
4.Alternative costing principle:
?、貯BC(activity based costing)
?、赥arget costing
?、跮ife cycle
?、躎QM
8.Time series:
①trend
?、趕easonal variation:⑴加法模型sum to zero;⑵乘法模型sum to 4
③cyclical variation
?、躵andom variation
9.pricipal budget factor關(guān)鍵預(yù)算因子:be limited the activities
10.budget purpose:
①communication
?、赾oordination
?、踓ompel the plan
④motivative employees
?、輗esource allocation
11.Budget committee的功能:①coordinated②administration
12.Budget:①function budget②master budget:1.P&L;2.B/S;3.Cash Flow
13.Fixed Budget:不是在于固不固定,而是基于一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)量的考慮,financail expression.
Flexible Budget:包含了固定成本和變動(dòng)成本,并且變動(dòng)成本的變化是隨著業(yè)務(wù)量的變化而改變。
14.Flexible Budget的優(yōu)點(diǎn):
?、賠ecognize different cost behavior.
②improve quality and a comparison of like with like
③help managers to forecast cost,revenue and profit.
15.Flexible Budget的缺點(diǎn):
?、偌僭O(shè)太簡(jiǎn)單。
?、谛枰嗟臅r(shí)間準(zhǔn)備預(yù)算編制。
16.Controllable cost is a“cost which can be influenced by”its budget holder.大部分的變動(dòng)成本是可控的,non-controllable cost為inflation.
17.Budget Behavior:
?、賞articipate approach
②imposed budget
18.payback投資回收期的缺點(diǎn):
?、賗gnore profitability
②the time value of money is ignored
?、蹧](méi)有考慮項(xiàng)目后期帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益
?、躠rbitray武斷
19.payback投資回收期的優(yōu)點(diǎn):
?、賓asy to calculate
?、趙idely use
③minimize the effect of the risk and help liqidity
★如果在算投資回收期的時(shí)候,發(fā)生折舊,則需要加回折舊,因?yàn)檎叟f是非現(xiàn)金項(xiàng)目。
20.(1+real interst rate)*(1+inflation rate)=(1+nominal interest rate)
21.NPV=present value of future net cash flow–present value of initial cost
22.永續(xù)年金=A/i
23.每年的匯報(bào)是相同的就查看年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù)表,不同的就查看年金系數(shù)表。
24.EAR=CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n–1有效年利率
25.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)
?、買(mǎi)RR>cost of capital,NPV>0,worth taking
?、贗RR<cost of capital,NPV<0,not worthwhile.
26.ARR=average profit/average investment(ARR是基于profit)
Average investment=(initial investment–residual value)/2
27.type of standard:
①basic standard
②current standard
?、踚deal standard
?、躠ttainable standard
28.Variance
?、馦aterial Variance
?、舤otal material variance=standard cost–actual cost
?、苖aterial price variance=(standard price–actual price)*actual quantity
?、莔aterial usage variance=(standard usage of actual output-actual usage)*standard price.
ⅡDirect Labor Variance
?、舠tandard pay–actual pay
?、芁abor rate variances=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs of actual output
⑶Labor efficiency variances=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
?、骎ariable production overhead variances
⑴Total variable O.H.variance=standard cost–actual cost
?、芕ariable O.H.expenditure variance=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs
⑶Variable O.H.efficiency variance=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
?、鬎ixed O.H.expenditure variance
?、臚ixed O.H.Expenditure variance=budget expenditure–actual expenditure
⑵Fixed O.H.volume=(actual output-budgeted volume)*standard hrs per unit*standard rate per hr.
?、荂apacity variance=(actual hrs worked–budgeted hrs worked)*standard rate per hr
?、菶fficiency variance=(standard hrs worked for actual output–actual hrs worked)*standard rate per hr⑴+⑵:Fixed O.H.total variance=fixed O.H.absorbed–actual expenditure
ⅤSales variance
?、臩ales price variances=(actual price–budget price)*actual sales units
?、芐ales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard profit per unit
(absorption)
?、荢ales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard CPU(marginal costing)
?、鯥dle time variances
Idle time variance=(expected idle time–actual idle time)*adjusted hr rate
29.The elements of a mission statement including:
①Purpose
?、赟trategy
③Policies and standards of behavior
?、躒alues and culture
30.A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitive success.
31.Profitability ratios
①Return on capital employed(ROCE)
=profit before interest and tax/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
?、赗eturn on equity(ROE)=profit after tax/shareholders’funds×100%
③Asset turnover=sales/capital employed×100%
=sales/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
?、躊rofit margin=profit before interest and tax/sales×100%
Profit margin×asset turnover=ROCE
32.Debt and gearing ratios
?、貲ebt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities/total equity×100%
?、贗nterest cover=PBIT/Interest×100%
33.Liquidity ratios
①Current ratio=current assets/current liabilities
?、赒uick ratio(acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory/current liabilities
34.Working capital ratios
?、買(mǎi)nventory days=average inventory*365/cost of sales
?、赗eceivables days=average trade receivables*365/sales
③Payables days=average trade payables*365/cost of sales(or purchases)
35.Non-financial performance measures
Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.
?、費(fèi)arket share
?、贗nnovation
③Growth
?、躊roductivity
?、軶uality
?、轘ocial aspects
36.The balanced scorecard:
?、賔inancial perspective
?、趀xternal perspective
?、踓ustomer perspective
?、躭earning and innovation perspective
37.Benchmarking:
?、買(mǎi)nternal benchmarking
?、贑ompetitive benchmarking
?、跢unctional benchmarking
④Strategic benchmarking
38.Value analysis is a planned,scientific approach to cost reduction,which reviews the material composition of a product and the product's design so that modifications and improvements can be made which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.
39.Four aspects of'value'should be considered:
?、貱ost value
?、贓xchange value
?、踀tility value
④Esteem value
40.ROI=PBIT/capital employed*100%
Widely used and accepted;As a relative measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of different sizes.
41.RI=PBIT-Imputed interest*capital employed.
Possible to use different rates of interest for different types of assets;Cost of finance is being considered.
Great changes will take place in 2012 for IFRS,in this critical year,what key milestones can help you to ensure you will be well prepared for filing your first interim IFRS financial statements 2011 will be discussed in this training.
In the context of increasing global usage of IFRS and expected convergence of PRC GAAP with IFRS over the coming years,we will discuss both the current differences between PRC GAAP and IFRS as well as highlighting some of the developments in IFRS that are currently under discussion.This training is appropriate for both the novice in IFRS financial reporting who needs to be up-to-date quickly,and the veteran financial professional who is looking for a refresher course which including current issues and projects.In this course we will highlight IFRS VS PRC GAAP with details to help you on applying these two standards into your real business.
Understanding that accounting standards are not just a matter for specialists
Cementing your knowledge of IFRS with hands-on case studies and examples
Recognizing and going beyond the difference between IFRS and Chinese GAAP
Technical analysis and discussion on the latest strategic updates and future direction of IFRS
Implementing IFRS accounting for assets,liabilities and owners equity
Revisiting basic concepts such as lease accounting,impairment,fair value,revenue recognition,contingencies,financial instruments,business combinations…
Providing recent updates and their consequences including IFRS for small and medium-sized entities
Guidance on the challenges to face when first time adoption or implementing new/or some specific standards
CFO/CEO/CIO
Finance Director/Manager/Controller
Auditing Manager
Accounting Manager
Investment/Financial/Equity Analysts
Day 1
A.Introduction to IFRS
-Latest Developments at the IASB
-Convergence with US GAAP
-Convergence with Chinese GAAP
-IFRS–a principle based framework of accounting
-Summary of IFRS 2009-2011 updates
-IFRS and fair value considerations,IFRS 13 Fair value measurement
B.Assets
-Current assets,IAS 2 Inventories/CAS 1 Inventories
-Tangible fixed assets,IAS 16 Property,Plant and Equipment/CAS 4 Property,Plant and Equipment
-Current update of lease accounting,IAS 17 Leases;ED/2010/9 Leases/CAS 21 Leasing
-Intangible assets–intellectual property and development costs,IAS 38 Intangible assets/CAS 6 Intangible assets
-Borrowing costs,IAS 23 Borrowing costs/CAS 17 Borrowing costs
-Impairment,IAS 36 Impairment of assets/CAS 8 Impairment of assets
C.Liabilities
-Contingencies,IAS 37 Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets/CAS,13 Contingencies
-Retirement benefits,IAS 19 Employee Benefits/CAS 9 Employee Benefits
-Update of financial instruments and hedge accounting,IFRS 7 Financial Instruments:Disclosures/CAS 37 Financial,Instruments:Presentation and Disclosures,IFRS 9 Financial Instruments/CAS 12 Debt restructuring;CAS 22 Financial Instruments:Recognition and Measurement,CAS 23 Transfer of Financial Assets;CAS 24 Hedging
D.Income and expenditure
-Revenue recognition,IAS 11 Construction contracts/CAS 15 Construction contracts,IAS 18 Revenue;ED/2010/6 Revenue from contracts with,customers/CAS 14 Revenue
-Taxes,IAS 12 Income Taxes/CAS 18 Income Taxes
-Other Income statement topics,IAS 20 Accounting for Government grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance/CAS 16 Government Grants,IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates/CAS 19 Foreign Currency Translation,IFRS 2 Shared-based Payment/CAS 11 Share-based payment,IFRS 8 Operating Segments/CAS 35 Segmental Reporting
Day 2
E.Consolidation and business combinations
-What constitutes a business combinations,IFRS 3 Business combinations/CAS 20 Business combinations
-Inclusion of investments with differing levels of control,IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statements/CAS 33,Consolidated financial statements,IFRS 11 Joint arrangements/CAS 2 Long term equity investments,IFRS 12 Disclosure of interest in other entities
F.Financial statements and first time adoption
-Disclosure requirements,IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements/CAS 30 Presentation of financial statements,IAS 7 Statements of cash-flows/CAS 31 Cash flow statements,IAS 8 Accounting policies,changes in accounting estimates and errors/CAS 28 Changes in accounting policies and estimates and correction of errors,IAS 10 Events after the reporting
period/CAS 29 Events after the balance sheet date,IAS 24 Related party disclosures/CAS 36 Related party disclosures,IAS 33 Earnings per share/CAS 34 Earnings per share,IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting/CAS 32 Interim financial reporting,IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
-First time application issues,IFRS 1 First-time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards/CAS 38 First Time Adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises
G.Summary of ASBE/CAS/IFRS differences
-Recap the differences between old and new Chinese GAAP with IFRS
H.IFRS for SMEs(Small and Medium Sized Enterprises)
-To whom does it apply?
-Differences Between“Full”IFRS and“IFRS for SMEs”
想了解詳細(xì)課程資料,點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)的在線咨詢圖標(biāo),與在線老師交流。
CFO EVA,LIFO,FIFO,do these professional terms of accounting and finance still seem like a foreign language to you?Can you eliminate the mystery behind the numbers of the financial statements?Or,how would you utilize those financial concepts to become a greater asset to your company?
As a business executive,you experience the tide of global change in ways few others do.And you know that to manage this tide,which will only intensify in the years ahead,you need a foundation that is at once timeless and flexible.Higher position means greater responsibility where understanding and talking the language of finance becomes a significant part of the job,executives at all levels need to be adequately equipped.
Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
Understanding the basic accounting model and its limitations
Analyzing and interpreting financial statements within the context of industry analysis and macroeconomic fundamentals
Mastering forecasting techniques
Providing rigorous tools and approaches to measure the effectiveness of your expenditures
Clarifying financial statements and their relationship to strategic decisions
Communicating more effectively with financial managers and accountants
Understanding different valuation techniques and respective benchmarks
General Managers,Directors,Experienced Managers
Vice President and Top Executives in all respective
Business Managers,Department Heads&Managers
Sales&Marketing Managers
Accountants,Corporate Treasury Managers
Investment Professionals
Any staff with a non-financial background looking to learn the fundamentals of finance
Finance Fundamental | Management Application |
-Introduction to the Course -The role of the finance function -Working with the finance teams -How companies succeed on finance? -Accounting Information—The Language of Business -What is financial accounting? -Why Financial Accounting is necessary? -Some process,terminology and concepts -Learn how financial data is generated and reported -Users and interpretation of Financial Statements -Managers and Financial Statements -The concept of shareholder value -Demystifying Financial Statements -Components of Financial Reports:balance sheet and P&L -Use financial data to evaluate the performance of department,organization,or division -Understand how accountants measure income,and show how it is related to a balance sheet -Cost of goods sold -The accrual concept and timing adjustments -Financial statements:graphical balance sheet simulation -Revisit the Income Statement and Balance sheet in a financial perspective -Cash Flow Statement,Distinguishing income from cash flow -The shortcomings of accounting -Implications of Revenue Recognition -Know effects of fair value measurement on financial statement -Analysis of Financial Statement—Where do you find useful information? -Qualitative Characteristics of financial Information -Locate and use sources of information about business performance -How accounting information assists in decision making -Linking decisions to financial metrics -How to increase ROCE -Profitability ratios -Economic Value Added(EVA TM) -Financial Decision Making -Profitability,liquidity ratios -Managing working capital -Financial Leverage -Debt ratios -Measuring business risk -Cash management -Study of the Annual Report of a Listed Company -Case:analyzing and interpreting a listed company’s annual report -Accounting Creates Value -Functions of management accounting -Management accounting compared to financial accounting -How the use of cost information defines its focus and form -Break-even analysis:ensuring fixed costs are covered -The costing principles and avoiding costing traps -The difference between traditional cost management systems and activity-based cost management systems
| -Budgeting and Forecasting:A Must in Pricing Effectively for Profit.Selecting the Best Costing Method and the Relevant Practical Pricing Theory -Budgeting and Forecasting:Two sides of the same process -Understanding the different steps involved in the process -How to minimize the risks in assessing the hypothesis underlying the performance -The cost information for pricing and product planning -Cost based pricing:a value-added approach -Customers:an outside in pricing -Competitors:predict their price -How to price effectively for profit,evaluating pricing methods -Case Study -Capital Investment Decision:Cash is King! -Cash flow forecasts as a planning tool -EBITDA,free cash flows -The analysis of return of capital employed,payback period,and discounted cash flow -Establishing cash flow forecasts -Calculating Net Present Values,IRR -Company Valuation:Risk and Corporate Characteristics -The fundamental tools of investment appraisal -The cost of capital and WACC,and how these are determined -The sensitivity analysis:how sensitive are key decision to potential changes in circumstances -Approaches to valuation -Capital Markets,Investment Banking and Financial Instruments:How to Face Your Long-term Financing Issues and More? -An introduction to capital markets -Different forms of financing(long term,short term) -Debt versus Equity -Gearing and beta factors -Capital Asset Pricing Models -Tax shields -Investing in China through Mergers or Acquisitions:Financial Business Practices and Managing the Related Risks -An Overview of the M&A market in China -Understanding the valuation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the structuring gap by the buyer -Understanding the negotiation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the execution gap -Understanding the challenges of the integration gap -Taking into account the Human dimension of any merger or acquisition |
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2024年cfa一級(jí)考綱匯總!詳細(xì)內(nèi)容變化速看!考綱是CFA考試知識(shí)點(diǎn)的概括。今天,小編將2024年CFA一級(jí)新考綱新增和調(diào)改的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了梳理總結(jié)詳細(xì)更新內(nèi)容變化速看!
Quantitative Methods
1)Learning Module 1 Rates and Returns
2)Learning Module 2 Time Value of Money in Finance
3)Learning Module 3 Statistical Measures of Asset Returns
4)Learning Module 4 Probability Trees and Conditional Expectations
5)Learning Module 5 Portfolio Mathematics
6)Learning Module 6 Simulation Methods
7)Learning Module 7 Estimation and Inference
8)Learning Module 8 Hypothesis Testing
9)Learning Module 9 Parametric and Non Parametric Tests of Independence
10)Learning Module 10 Simple Linear Regression
11)Learning Module 11 Introduction to Big Data Techniques
解讀:2024年的數(shù)量?jī)?nèi)容有重大調(diào)整!
1)將原來(lái)的7章內(nèi)容拆分成11章。
2)新增第1章Rates and Returns。
3)2024年的第2章Time Value of Money in Finance與2023年的第1章The Time Value of Money有一定類(lèi)似之處,但刪減了大量?jī)?nèi)容。
4)2023年的第2章Organizing,Visualizing,and Describing Data予以刪除。
5)2024年新增第11章Introduction to Big Data Techniques。
6)其它章節(jié)名稱更新,大部分知識(shí)點(diǎn)2023考綱中均有涉獵,但2024年考綱要求發(fā)生一定變化和調(diào)整。
Economics
1)Learning Module 1 The Firm and Market Structures
2)Learning Module 2 Understanding Business Cycles
3)Learning Module 3 Fiscal Policy
4)Learning Module 4 Monetary Policy
5)Learning Module 5 Introduction to Geopolitics
6)Learning Module 6 International Trade
7)Learning Module 7 Capital Flows and the FX Market
8)Learning Module 8 Exchange Rate Calculations
解讀:2024年的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)內(nèi)容有重大調(diào)整!
1)2023年的第1章Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis被刪除
2)2023年的第3章Aggregate Output,Prices,and Economic Growth被刪除
3)2024年相比2023年保留的章節(jié)考綱要求也發(fā)生了調(diào)整,多數(shù)為考綱的刪減
4)2024年的第8章Exchange Rate Calculations只保留了匯率計(jì)算相關(guān)內(nèi)容,定性相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)均被刪除。
Portfolio Management
1)Portfolio Risk and Return:PartⅠ
2)Portfolio Risk and Return:PartⅡ
3)Portfolio management overview
4)Basic of Portfolio Planning and Construction
5)The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
6)Introduction to Risk Management
解讀:2024年的組合內(nèi)容有重大調(diào)整!
1)2023年的第7章Technical Analysis被刪除
2)2023年的第8章Fintech in Investment Management被刪除
3)Portfolio management overview由原來(lái)的Module 1調(diào)整為Module 3。
Corporate Issuers
1)Organizational Forms,Corporate Issuer Features,and Ownership
2)Investors and Other Stakeholders
3)Corporate Governance:Conflicts,Mechanisms,Risks,and Benefits
4)Working Capital&Liquidity
5)Capital Investments and Capital Allocation
6)Capital Structure
7)Business Models
解讀:2024年的企業(yè)發(fā)行人內(nèi)容變動(dòng)較大!
1)2023年的原有的第8章Measures of Leverage被刪除
2)其余章節(jié)名稱、順序變化,考綱要求也發(fā)生了重大調(diào)整。
Financial Statement Analysis
1)Learning Module 1 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
2)Learning Module 2 Analyzing Income Statements Learning Module 3 Analyzing Balance Sheets
3)Learning Module 4 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I
4)Learning Module 5 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II
5)Learning Module 6 Analysis of Inventories
6)Learning Module 7 Analysis of Long-Term Assets Learning Module 8 Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity
7)Learning Module 9 Analysis of Income Taxes
8)Learning Module 10 Financial Reporting Quality Learning Module 11 Financial Analysis Techniques
9)Learning Module 12 Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling
解讀:2024年的財(cái)報(bào)內(nèi)容變動(dòng)較大,除新增第12章外,刪除兩個(gè)章節(jié),拆分一個(gè)章節(jié),保留章節(jié)考綱要求也發(fā)生一定調(diào)整。
1)刪除原有的Module 2和Module 12,新增第12章Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling;
2)Learning Module 5 Understanding Cash Flow Statements拆分為兩個(gè)章節(jié)Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I和Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II;
3)Learning Module 6 Financial Analysis Techniques調(diào)整為Module 11
4)保留的章節(jié)名稱發(fā)生變化,考綱要求也發(fā)生了較大變化。
Equity Investments
1)Market Organization and Structure
2)Security Market Indexes
3)Market Efficiency
4)Overview of Equity Securities
5)Company Analysis:Past and Present
6)Industry and Competitive Analysis
7)Company Analysis:Forecasting
8)Equity Valuation:Concept and Basic Tool
解讀:2024年的權(quán)益內(nèi)容變動(dòng)主要為新增,新增第5和7章外,其余章節(jié)的順序做了調(diào)整,內(nèi)容無(wú)重大變更。
Fixed Income
1)Fixed-Income Instrument Features
2)Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types
3)Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading
4)Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers
5)Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers
6)Fixed-Income Bond Valuation:Prices and Yields Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds
7)Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments
8)The Term Structure of Interest Rates:Spot,Par,and Forward Curves
9)Interest Rate Risk and Return
10)Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties
11)Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties
12)Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures
13)Credit Risk
14)Credit Analysis for Government Issuers
15)Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers
16)Fixed-Income Securitization
17)Asset-Backed Security(ABS)Instrument and Market Features
18)Mortgage-Backed Security(MBS)Instrument and Market Features
解讀:2024年的固收將原來(lái)的6章內(nèi)容拆分成19章,變化幅度較大,知識(shí)點(diǎn)做了細(xì)化拆分和調(diào)整。
Alternative Investments
1)Alternative Investment Features,Methods,and Structures
2)Alternative Investment Performance and Returns Investments in Private Capital:Equity and Debt
3)Real Estate and Infrastructure
4)Natural Resources
5)Hedge Funds
6)Introduction to Digital Assets
解讀:2024年的另類(lèi)將原來(lái)的3章內(nèi)容變化為7章,知識(shí)點(diǎn)做了細(xì)化處理,除新增第7章外,其余內(nèi)容主要為原有章節(jié)拆分。
長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資(Long-term investment on stocks)是指通過(guò)投資取得被投資單位的股份。企業(yè)對(duì)其他單位的股權(quán)投資,通常視為長(zhǎng)期持有,以及通過(guò)股權(quán)投資達(dá)到控制被投資單位,或?qū)Ρ煌顿Y單位施加重大影響,或?yàn)榱伺c被投資單位建立密切關(guān)系,以分散經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
特點(diǎn)
一、長(zhǎng)期持有
長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資目的是為長(zhǎng)期持有被投資單位的股份,成為被投資單位的股東,并通過(guò)所持有的股份,對(duì)被投資單位實(shí)施控制或施加重大影響,或?yàn)榱烁纳坪挽柟藤Q(mào)易關(guān)系,或持有不易變現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資等。
二、利險(xiǎn)并存
獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,并承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資的最終目標(biāo)是為了獲得較大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,這種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益可以通過(guò)分得利潤(rùn)或股利獲取,也可以通過(guò)其他方式取得,如被投資單位生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品為投資企業(yè)生產(chǎn)所需的原材料,在市場(chǎng)上這種原材料的價(jià)格波動(dòng)較大,且不能保證供應(yīng)。在這種情況下,投資企業(yè)通過(guò)所持股份,達(dá)到控制或?qū)Ρ煌顿Y單位施加重大影響,使其生產(chǎn)所需的原材料能夠直接從被投資單位取得,而且價(jià)格比較穩(wěn)定,保證其生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的順利進(jìn)行。但是,如果被投資單位經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況不佳,或者進(jìn)行破產(chǎn)清算時(shí),投資企業(yè)作為股東,也需要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的投資損失。
三、禁止出售
除股票投資外,長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資通常不能隨時(shí)出售。
投資企業(yè)一旦成為被投資單位的股東,依所持股份份額享有股東的權(quán)利并承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的義務(wù),一般情況下不能隨意抽回投資。
四、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大
長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資相對(duì)于長(zhǎng)期債權(quán)投資而言,投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大
在中國(guó),長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資的取得方式主要有:
1.企業(yè)合并形成的長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資,應(yīng)區(qū)分企業(yè)合并的類(lèi)型,分別同一控制下控股合并和非同一控制下控股合并確定形成長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資的成本。
2.以支付現(xiàn)金取得的長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照實(shí)際支付的購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)款作為長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資的初始投資成本,包括購(gòu)買(mǎi)過(guò)程中支付的手續(xù)費(fèi)等必要支出。
3.以發(fā)行權(quán)益性證券方式取得的長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資,其成本為所發(fā)行權(quán)益性證券的公允價(jià)值。
4.投資者投入的長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照投資合同或協(xié)議約定的價(jià)值作為初始投資成本,但合同或協(xié)議約定價(jià)值不公允的除外。
5.以非貨幣性資產(chǎn)交換、債務(wù)重組等方式取得的長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資。