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    ACCA高頻考點(diǎn)講解:壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備,附例題解析
    2020-08-28 14:33:22 1399 瀏覽

      馬上就要到2020年ACCA9月考季了,之前會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)介紹了比較多關(guān)于ACCA考試核心考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,不知大家掌握得如何?因?yàn)锳CCA考點(diǎn)較多,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)繼續(xù)為大家講解另一個(gè)高頻考點(diǎn):壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備,并結(jié)合一個(gè)例題進(jìn)行詳細(xì)解析。

    ACCA考點(diǎn)解析

    內(nèi)容導(dǎo)航ACCA考點(diǎn)解析ACCA報(bào)考條件
    ACCA適用范圍ACCA就業(yè)方向

      ACCA考點(diǎn)解析

      01、What is Bad debt&Doubtful debt

      1. Dad debt:

      ?If a debt is definitely irrecoverable it should be written off to statement of profit or loss as a bad debt.

      ?對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款影響:減少Trade receivable balance

      2.Doubtful debt:

      ?If a debt is possibly irrecoverable an allowance for the potential irrecoverability of that debt should be made.

      ?分類:

      1)Specific allowance:

      針對(duì)某個(gè)特定客戶的壞賬準(zhǔn)備(Particular/named individual customer)。

      2)General allowance=(Trade receivable balance - Bad debt - Specific allowance)*n%

      公司跟據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定一個(gè)Trade receivable減去Bad debt和Specific allowance后可能發(fā)生壞賬的百分比。

      對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款影響:不減少Trade receivable balance

      02、Initial recognition

      1.Bad debt:

      Dr Receivable expense(SPL)

      Cr Trade receivables(SOFP)

      2. Specific allowance&General allowance

      Dr Receivable expense(SPL)

      Cr Allowance for receivables(SOFP)

      03、Subsequent change in bad debt and doubtful debt

      1.Initial bad debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬收回)

      直接記錄收到了現(xiàn)金,抵消過(guò)去記錄的壞賬費(fèi)用,不影響Trade receivable:

      Dr Cash

      Cr Receivable expense

      2.Initial specific debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬準(zhǔn)備收回)

      1)第一步:抵消過(guò)去記錄的壞賬準(zhǔn)備:

      Dr Allowance for receivables

      Cr Receivable expense

      2)第二步:記錄我們收到的現(xiàn)金:

      Dr Cash

      Cr Trade receivables

      3. Initial specific debt->Subsequent go bad(壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬)

      因?yàn)閴馁~準(zhǔn)備和壞賬都是Receivable expense且壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬時(shí)金額沒(méi)有發(fā)生改變,所以壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬不影響Receivable expense,也不影響Profit:

      Dr Allowance for receivables

      Cr Trade receivables

      04、Receivable expense的計(jì)算

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance

      = Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)

      05、例題

      At 30 June 20X4 a company's allowance for receivables was $39,000. At 30 June 20X5 trade receivables totaled $517,000. It was decided to write off debts totaling $37,000. The allowance for receivables was to be adjusted to the equivalent of 5 per cent of the trade receivables.

      What figure should appear in the statement of profit or loss for these items?

      A. $61,000

      B. $22,000

      C. $24,000

      D. $23,850

      分析:題目讓求在利潤(rùn)表中記錄的壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備的費(fèi)用的金額,也就是求計(jì)入利潤(rùn)表的Receivable expense。

      Step1:

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance

      = Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)

      Step2:

      Bad debt題目信息直接給了=37000

      Step3:

      Movement in allowance = Closing allowance - Opening allowance

      = (517000-37000)*5% - 39000 = -15000

      Step4:

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance = 37000-15000 = 22000

      所以這道題答案選擇B。

      以上就是我們壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備的內(nèi)容,重點(diǎn)需要大家掌握的就是:

      ? Allowance的計(jì)算

      ? Receivable expense的計(jì)算

      ? 壞賬收回,壞賬準(zhǔn)備變壞賬,壞賬準(zhǔn)備收回的會(huì)計(jì)處理

      ACCA報(bào)考條件

      ACCA是什么?

      ACCA中文全稱為特許公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)師,與其國(guó)際類考試相比,ACCA是最早進(jìn)入中國(guó)的國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)師組織,由于他們有著國(guó)際一流專業(yè)水平并且國(guó)模最大的團(tuán)隊(duì),因此ACCA獲得了國(guó)際包括國(guó)內(nèi)所有企業(yè)的一直贊譽(yù)和認(rèn)可。同時(shí)ACCA證書(shū)在國(guó)際領(lǐng)域方面有著極高的權(quán)威性,被大家稱作為金融領(lǐng)域的“商界通行證”。

      ACCA報(bào)名條件是什么?

      與其它國(guó)際類考試相比,ACCA它的報(bào)名要求可以說(shuō)是最低的了。首先在學(xué)歷上,只要達(dá)到大專文憑就可以報(bào)名成為ACCA的正是學(xué)員。

      而對(duì)于在校大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),沒(méi)有畢業(yè)也關(guān)系不大,只要能夠通過(guò)了大學(xué)第一學(xué)年的所有課程考試,簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)也就是大二的在校學(xué)生都可以報(bào)考ACCA。

      ACCA值不值得考?

      第一點(diǎn),要知道ACCA在全球方面有著極高的知名度,因此只要大家順利能夠拿到這個(gè)含金量超高的“通行證書(shū)”,那么進(jìn)入世界知名企業(yè)不成問(wèn)題,你的職業(yè)道路也將意味著一帆風(fēng)順。

      其次,由于ACCA報(bào)考要求并沒(méi)有太高,大二學(xué)生就可以報(bào)名參加了,所以作為大學(xué)生的你,無(wú)論成功與敗都值得去嘗試,只要是通過(guò)自己努力,學(xué)到了專業(yè)技能知識(shí),即使沒(méi)有順利拿到證書(shū),也是對(duì)你的工作道路有著非常大幫助。

      第二點(diǎn),沖著薪酬待遇非常值得。都知道ACCA證書(shū)有著極高的含金量,以歷年數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,持有ACCA證書(shū)的學(xué)員,在工作崗位上的薪資基本能保持在20萬(wàn)~30萬(wàn)這個(gè)水平。尤其對(duì)于有著一定工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的ACCA學(xué)員,更容易晉升財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)、財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理等職位,因此,更容易拿到更高的薪資。

      ACCA適用范圍

      哪些人適合報(bào)考ACCA?

      1、熱愛(ài)從事財(cái)務(wù)行業(yè)人士

      都知道,入行最重要是自己感興趣,要想在行業(yè)上干出一番成就,一定要對(duì)行業(yè)工作非常熱愛(ài),只有專注在工作上才能帶來(lái)好的成績(jī)。首先,報(bào)考ACCA前提就是要對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)事業(yè)感興趣,確定自己未來(lái)是在這方面發(fā)展。

      其次,自己也需要具備一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)功底。畢竟ACCA是一門國(guó)際考試,教材和考題基本都是純英文,所以不具備基本的英語(yǔ)讀寫能力,是無(wú)法參加ACCA考試的。

      2、會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)畢業(yè)生

      畢竟ACCA考試是有一定難度的,如果不花費(fèi)一定時(shí)間在備考上,很難通關(guān)拿到證書(shū)。因此要想順利、高效的拿下考生,對(duì)于會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)畢業(yè)生來(lái)說(shuō)是最具優(yōu)勢(shì)的群體。建議這類考生除了自己備考,還需要報(bào)名相關(guān)網(wǎng)課培訓(xùn)來(lái)進(jìn)一步鞏固知識(shí)內(nèi)容,結(jié)合自己在學(xué)校所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí),進(jìn)一步對(duì)ACCA課程加深了解。

      3、職位晉升人士

      對(duì)于不滿足現(xiàn)在工作薪資的財(cái)會(huì)人,同樣可以通過(guò)報(bào)考ACCA考試,提升自己的專業(yè)水平,在拿到證書(shū)后,就可以名正言順地升職加薪了。

      ACCA就業(yè)方向

      1、四大事務(wù)所

      大多數(shù)人會(huì)選擇去四大工作,畢竟四大除了工作壓力大之外,對(duì)于年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)真的是很不錯(cuò)的跳板,在四大工作兩年后出去,行業(yè)內(nèi)人的都會(huì)對(duì)你刮目相看,在四大能接觸到的業(yè)務(wù)也是很多地方接觸不到的,在四大工作的好處就是能接觸的業(yè)務(wù)類型多,跳板高,以后跳槽也容易,缺點(diǎn)就是工作量大,工作壓力大。剛?cè)肼毜男劫Y能達(dá)到10萬(wàn)以上。

      2、外企

      選擇去外企的ACCA持證人也很多,在外企相對(duì)于在四大來(lái)說(shuō),就輕松一些,但是接觸到的業(yè)務(wù)就沒(méi)有那么全面,如果以后跳槽,選擇的機(jī)會(huì)也會(huì)比在四大工作過(guò)的同行更少一些,可能之后跳槽的行業(yè)類型也是外企這一類的公司。在外企薪資也有10萬(wàn)左右。

      3、外資投資銀行

      很多ACCA會(huì)員都傾向于去往外資銀行任職,但是外資投資銀行的條件就稍微更高一些,業(yè)務(wù)能力需要更全面,除了專業(yè)能力外,還需要一定的業(yè)務(wù)能力,一般在中國(guó)招的畢業(yè)生的工作地點(diǎn),大多會(huì)在上海、香港等比較發(fā)達(dá)的城市,所以薪資也不會(huì)低,研究生的工資會(huì)比較高,一般能在50萬(wàn)上下。

      所以大家不要以為考下ACCA沒(méi)用,其實(shí)能去這么多地方發(fā)展,真的很不錯(cuò)了,再結(jié)合自身的長(zhǎng)處和實(shí)力,大家可以對(duì)ACCA有一個(gè)較為全面的了解。

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    2020年ACCA高頻考點(diǎn):Sales tax的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算
    2020-10-12 15:10:11 348 瀏覽

      在歷年的ACCA考試中,“Sales tax”一向都是以重要高頻考點(diǎn)的身份出現(xiàn)在考卷中,大家在備考當(dāng)中,很多人并不了解Sales tax是什么,也不知道它是怎么計(jì)算的,下面會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家講解一下關(guān)于Sales tax知識(shí)點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容。

    2020年ACCA高頻考點(diǎn)

      01、What is sales tax

      ●間接稅(不由本人直接繳納的稅)

      ●基于商品和服務(wù)的銷售價(jià)格進(jìn)行征收

      (ie.Sales tax = List price * 稅率)

      ●增值稅的繳納者為商品的最終消費(fèi)者,但是是由銷售商品的企業(yè)在賣商品時(shí)向消費(fèi)者除了貨款外額外代收一筆增值稅,由企業(yè)集中交給稅務(wù)局,Sales tax對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)是一筆應(yīng)付賬款,可理解為應(yīng)付增值稅,是負(fù)債類科目。

      ●分類:

      02、Calaulation of sales tax

      Sales tax = inclusive of sales tax (Gross amount)/ (1 + tax rate) × tax rate = exclusive of sales tax (Net amount)× tax rate

      Sales tax payable = output sales tax – recoverable input sales tax

      03、Accounting Treatment of sales tax

      根據(jù)英國(guó)的稅收系統(tǒng)基本框架結(jié)構(gòu)及其部門設(shè)置,可將主線分為兩條。一邊是負(fù)責(zé)做事情的財(cái)政部Her Majesty’s Treasury,另一邊是負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管的皇家檢察署Crown Prosecution Service(CPS)。

      ●對(duì)于在稅局登記過(guò)的公司來(lái)說(shuō)(Tax registered):

      1) Sales時(shí)收到的Output sales tax是代稅局收的,最終還要交還給稅局,所以這部分Output sales tax不能記入Sales,而是當(dāng)做一筆Sales tax payable,而這筆Output sales tax對(duì)公司來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是應(yīng)收賬款,所以Trade receivable中的金額仍然包含Sales tax,也就是

      Dr Trade receivable(含稅)

      Cr Sales tax payable

      Cr Sales(不含稅)

      2) Purchase時(shí)支付的Input sales tax是稅局是會(huì)退稅的,所以這部分Input sales tax不能記入Purchase,而是當(dāng)做一筆Sales tax receivable,而這筆Input sales tax對(duì)公司來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是應(yīng)付賬款,所以Trade payable中的金額仍然包含Sales tax,也就是:

      Dr Purchase(不含稅)

      Dr Sales tax receivable

      Cr Trade payable(含稅)

      ●對(duì)于沒(méi)有在稅局登記過(guò)的公司來(lái)說(shuō)(Non tax register),就直接按含稅金額記錄,不用考慮Sales tax:

      1) Sales:

      Dr Trade receivable

      Cr Sales

      2) Purchase

      Dr Purchase

      Cr Trade payable

      04、Sales tax payable movement

      Opening sales tax payable + output tax - input tax - tax paid = Closing sales tax payable

      05、Zero rated and exempt goods

      ●大多數(shù)商品和服務(wù)均按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稅率繳納增值稅,但有些商品被稱為零稅率(zero rated)或免稅商品(exempt goods)。

      ●如果商品的稅率為零(zero rates),則應(yīng)按0%的稅率征收增值稅。

      ●免稅的商品(exempt goods),企業(yè)無(wú)法注冊(cè)增值稅,因此無(wú)法收回其購(gòu)買所付的進(jìn)項(xiàng)稅。

      06、例題

      The following information relates to Ava Co's sales tax for the month of March 20X3:

      Sales (including sales tax) $109,250

      Purchases (net of sales tax) $64,000

      Sales tax is charged at a flat rate of 15%. Ava Co's sales tax account showed an opening credit balance of $4,540 at the beginning of the month and a closing debit balance of $2,720 at the end of the month.

      What was the total sales tax paid to regulatory authorities during the month of March 20X3?

      解析:考察Sales tax的Movement的計(jì)算:

      Opening sales tax payable + output tax - input tax - tax paid = Closing sales tax payable

      Opening sales tax payable = 4540(Cr);

      Closing sales tax payable = -2720

      (期末余額與T賬中期末值方向相反,期末余額在Dr方,則T賬中的期末值(c/d)在Cr方,且借方余額表示負(fù)的應(yīng)付賬款,所以是-2720);

      Output sales tax(銷售產(chǎn)生的) = 109250(含稅金額)/(1+15%)*15% = 14250;

      Input Sales tax(采購(gòu)產(chǎn)生的) = 64000*15%(不含稅金額)= 9600;

      所以本期Tax paid = Opening sales tax payable + output tax - input tax- Closing sales tax payable

      = 4540+14250-9600-(-2720)=11910

      以上就是我們Sales tax的內(nèi)容~

           本文為ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫原創(chuàng)文章,獨(dú)家版權(quán)歸于本平臺(tái),受到原創(chuàng)保護(hù)。任何渠道的轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)后臺(tái)留言聯(lián)系授權(quán),侵權(quán)必究。

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    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解:合并資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表套路
    2020-11-20 13:05:37 1721 瀏覽

      在歷年的ACCA考試中,大家遇到合并資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的考題,都會(huì)皺起眉頭不知如何解答,為了幫助大家提高答題效率,下面會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)為各位考生講解關(guān)于合并資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的做題技巧。

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      六大步驟

      對(duì)于考試中的合并資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表,可以分成下面六個(gè)步驟:

      (1)對(duì)于母公司或者子公司單體報(bào)表的調(diào)整;

      (2)將子公司的凈資產(chǎn)分成收購(gòu)日之前(Pre-acquisition)和收購(gòu)日之后(Post-acquisition)兩個(gè)部分;

      (3)根據(jù)題目的條件,對(duì)公允價(jià)值、內(nèi)部交易、股利等進(jìn)行調(diào)整;

      (4)將Pre-acquisition的凈資產(chǎn)和母公司對(duì)子公司的投資(Investment in S)進(jìn)行抵消,產(chǎn)生少數(shù)股東權(quán)益(NCI)及商譽(yù)(Goodwill);

      (5)將Pre-acquisition的凈資產(chǎn)按照母公司對(duì)子公司的持股比例進(jìn)行分配給Group retained earnings和NCI;

      (6)將上述調(diào)整完成的報(bào)表逐行相加。

      舉例練習(xí)

      我們以2011年12月的第一題為例,采用上述方法對(duì)他進(jìn)行合并:

      (1)對(duì)于母公司或者子公司單體報(bào)表的調(diào)整,其中最為常見(jiàn)的就是母公司單體報(bào)表的調(diào)整,例如遇到母公司對(duì)子公司投資(Consideration)中的漏記錯(cuò)記需要做出調(diào)整。

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      報(bào)表中只記錄了Cash consideration,忽略了deferred consideration,所以在收購(gòu)日當(dāng)天需要做出調(diào)整:

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      但是千萬(wàn)不要忘記收購(gòu)日離報(bào)表日中間的這段時(shí)間,對(duì)于Provision來(lái)說(shuō)要做后續(xù)計(jì)量:

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      (2)將子公司的凈資產(chǎn)分成收購(gòu)日之前和收購(gòu)日之后兩個(gè)部分,retained earnings也就是下面的12,000和6,000兩個(gè)部分,所以收購(gòu)日前的Pre-acquisition net assets應(yīng)該是22,000(10,000+12,000),收購(gòu)日后的Post-acquisition是6,000;

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      (3)根據(jù)題目的條件,做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整:

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      i)公允價(jià)值調(diào)整

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      在收購(gòu)日的調(diào)整,由于是在收購(gòu)日調(diào)整,所以公允價(jià)值應(yīng)該調(diào)整到pre-acquisition net assets之中:

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      ii)母子公司之間互相買賣存貨,需要做出兩個(gè),一是相互抵消收入和成本(該抵消只涉及到SPL的科目,所以在合并SOFP中可以忽略),二是抵消未實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)。

      本題中沒(méi)有其他的收購(gòu)日以后的調(diào)整了,但是在考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的還有下面幾種情況:

      iii)如果有母子公司之間應(yīng)收應(yīng)付也需要抵消:

      Dr. Trade receivables

      Cr. Trade payables

      Cash-in-transit如果有在途資金的情況,先默認(rèn)收到錢,在抵消母公司和子公司之間的TR/TP:

      Dr. Cash

      Cr. Trade payables

      Dr. Trade receivables

      Cr. Trade payables

      Goods-in-transit如果是發(fā)送貨物還沒(méi)有收到,先默認(rèn)收到貨物,再抵消母公司和子公司之間的TR/TP,同時(shí)要注意在途貨物,由于貨物并未賣出,還需要調(diào)整未實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn):

      Dr. Inventories

      Cr. Trade payables

      Dr. Trade receivables

      Cr. Trade payables

      Dr. Seller’s COS(PURP)

      Cr. Inventories(PURP)

      iv)如果是母公司子公司之間有相互的貸款,抵消掉Investment/Loan Note

      Dr. Loan note

      Cr. Investment

      v)如果子公司給母公司分紅,如果是還未支付,則Dividends payable/Dividends receivable相互抵消;如果是已經(jīng)支付則不做處理

      Dr. Dividends payable

      Cr. Dividends receivable

      (4)匯總pre-acquisition的部分,并和Investment in S進(jìn)行抵消,抵消產(chǎn)生NCI及Goodwill:

      (5)匯總post-acquisition的部分,按照持股比例進(jìn)行分?jǐn)?/p>

    ACCA必考點(diǎn)講解

      (6)將調(diào)整以后的數(shù)逐行相加,就編制出集團(tuán)的合并報(bào)表了。

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    2021年ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理,附例題解析
    2021-05-14 14:25:08 566 瀏覽

      2021年ACCA6月考季即將要開(kāi)始了,從歷年考情,Bad debt&Doubtful debt是大家經(jīng)常會(huì)有問(wèn)題的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),對(duì)此會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)通過(guò)幾道經(jīng)典的例題來(lái)為大家詳解該知識(shí)考點(diǎn)。

    2021年ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

      01、What is Bad debt&Doubtful debt

      1. Dad debt:

      If a debt is definitely irrecoverable it should be written off to statement of profit or loss as a bad debt.

      對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款影響:減少Trade receivable balance

      2.Doubtful debt:

      If a debt is possibly irrecoverable an allowance for the potential irrecoverability of that debt should be made.

      分類:

      1)Specific allowance:

      針對(duì)某個(gè)特定客戶的壞賬準(zhǔn)備(Particular/named individual customer)。

      2)General allowance=(Trade receivable balance - Bad debt - Specific allowance)*n%

      公司跟據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定一個(gè)Trade receivable減去Bad debt和Specific allowance后可能發(fā)生壞賬的百分比。

      對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款影響:不減少Trade receivable balance

      02、Initial recognition

      1.Bad debt:

      Dr Receivable expense(SPL)

      Cr Trade receivables(SOFP)

      2. Specific allowance&General allowance

      Dr Receivable expense(SPL)

      Cr Allowance for receivables(SOFP)

      03、Subsequent change in bad debt and doubtful debt

      1.Initial bad debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬收回)

      直接記錄收到了現(xiàn)金,抵消過(guò)去記錄的壞賬費(fèi)用,不影響Trade receivable:

      Dr Cash

      Cr Receivable expense

      2.Initial specific debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬準(zhǔn)備收回)

      1)第一步:抵消過(guò)去記錄的壞賬準(zhǔn)備:

      Dr Allowance for receivables

      Cr Receivable expense

      2)第二步:記錄我們收到的現(xiàn)金:

      Dr Cash

      Cr Trade receivables

      3. Initial specific debt->Subsequent go bad(壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬)

      因?yàn)閴馁~準(zhǔn)備和壞賬都是Receivable expense且壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬時(shí)金額沒(méi)有發(fā)生改變,所以壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬不影響Receivable expense,也不影響Profit:

      Dr Allowance for receivables

      Cr Trade receivables

      04、Receivable expense的計(jì)算

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance

      = Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)

      05、例題

      At 30 June 20X4 a company's allowance for receivables was $39,000. At 30 June 20X5 trade receivables totaled $517,000. It was decided to write off debts totaling $37,000. The allowance for receivables was to be adjusted to the equivalent of 5 per cent of the trade receivables.

      What figure should appear in the statement of profit or loss for these items?

      A. $61,000

      B. $22,000

      C. $24,000

      D. $23,850

      分析:題目讓求在利潤(rùn)表中記錄的壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備的費(fèi)用的金額,也就是求計(jì)入利潤(rùn)表的Receivable expense。

      Step1:

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance

      = Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)

      Step2:

      Bad debt題目信息直接給了=37000

    2021年ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

      Step3:

      Movement in allowance = Closing allowance - Opening allowance

      = (517000-37000)*5% - 39000 = -15000

    2021年ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

      Step4:

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance = 37000-15000 = 22000

    2021年ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

      所以這道題答案選擇B。

      以上就是我們壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備的內(nèi)容,重點(diǎn)需要大家掌握的就是:

      1、 Allowance的計(jì)算

      2、Receivable expense的計(jì)算

      3、壞賬收回,壞賬準(zhǔn)備變壞賬,壞賬準(zhǔn)備收回的會(huì)計(jì)處理

           來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA(AB)科目經(jīng)典題訓(xùn)練,附考點(diǎn)解析
    2021-05-27 14:20:14 472 瀏覽

      馬上就要到2021年ACCA6月考季了,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)為大家?guī)?lái)一道有關(guān)AB科目的經(jīng)典例題,這道題的知識(shí)點(diǎn)涉及的是Mendelow’s power -- interest matrix,下面我們來(lái)看看吧。

    ACCA(AB)科目經(jīng)典題訓(xùn)練

      題目:A large supermarket chain has purchased land for a new out-of-town shopping development in an area of recognised natural beauty. The organization is now preparing plans for infrastructure development (road access, parking, power) and construction.

    ACCA(AB)科目經(jīng)典題訓(xùn)練

      Into which quadrant of the above power/interest matrix would the organization place local nature appreciation groups, and what strategy does this indicate?

      選項(xiàng):A Minimal effort ;B Keep informed;C Keep satisfied;D key players

      在看完題目之后呢,有些寶寶就開(kāi)始抱怨,這個(gè)題干寫的是啥嘛,完全看不懂呢?老師就在此和大家一起看一下這道題:

      一個(gè)大型的超市集團(tuán),打算購(gòu)買郊區(qū)的一塊土地,用于發(fā)展城外購(gòu)物的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目,而這塊土地是公認(rèn)的自然美化區(qū)。而這個(gè)超市集團(tuán)呢,打算在上面開(kāi)展基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),比如說(shuō)公路呀。企業(yè)的這一舉動(dòng)呢,就會(huì)遭到環(huán)境保護(hù)組織的反對(duì),所以這道題就問(wèn)我們,對(duì)于超市來(lái)說(shuō),當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境保護(hù)組織這一利益相關(guān)者,應(yīng)該放在power/interest matrix矩陣中的哪個(gè)象限里面?

      所以,在做這道題之前,我們首先要了解什么是power/interest matrix矩陣?

    ACCA(AB)科目經(jīng)典題訓(xùn)練

      It is important that an organization meets the needs of the most dominant stakeholders, but the needs of the other stakeholders need to be considered. 對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),了解他們主要利益相關(guān)者的需求是重要的,但是,其他利益相關(guān)者的需求也需要去考慮。

      This matrix helps org to decide who is the dominate stakeholder. 企業(yè)利用這個(gè)矩陣以確定哪些利用相關(guān)者對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是重要的。

      Mendelow classifies stakeholders on a matrix whose axes are power hold and likelihood of showing an interest on the organization,s activity.

      Mendelow把stakeholders放在一個(gè)矩陣?yán)锩?,有兩個(gè)軸,一個(gè)是stakeholders客觀擁有的權(quán)力,另一個(gè)是stakeholders對(duì)企業(yè)活動(dòng)的興趣或利益。

      These factors will help define the type of relationship the organization should seek with its stakeholders. 企業(yè)通過(guò)這些因素來(lái)確定和stakeholders的關(guān)系,確定stakeholders的訴求。

      Key players are found in segment D :strategy must be acceptable to them. 在D區(qū)域的stakeholders,我們的決策是一定要讓他們接受的,因?yàn)樗麄兊膒ower和interest都很高。比如說(shuō),企業(yè)的大客戶。

      Stakeholders in segment C must be treated with care.While often passive ,they are capable of moving to segment D. They should therefore be kept satisfied. 在C區(qū)域的stakeholders,我們的決策是一定要讓他們滿意的,因?yàn)樗麄兊膒ower是高的,但interest是低的,客觀上他們有很高的power,但是他們不care我們,一旦我們的決策沒(méi)有使他們滿意,他們的interest就會(huì)變高,就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到D區(qū)域。所以我們要小心對(duì)待他們。比如說(shuō),大的機(jī)構(gòu)投資者,政府。

      Stakeholders in segment B do not have great ability to influence strategy,but their views can be important in influencing more powerful stakeholder. They should therefore be kept informed. 在B區(qū)域的stakeholders,他們通常沒(méi)有太大的權(quán)力,但是他們的積極性很高,所以企業(yè)有什么重要的決定一定要通知他們,保持信息的透明度,否則,他們就會(huì)游說(shuō)那些有更高權(quán)力的人,去影響我們企業(yè)的決策。比如說(shuō),社會(huì)上的一些團(tuán)體,壓力組織。

      在A區(qū)域的stakeholders,他們稱為 Minimal effort ,他們沒(méi)有太大的權(quán)力,也沒(méi)有很高的積極性,所以我們企業(yè)一般不care他們。

      在我們分析完了Mendelow power -- interest matrix模型之后呢,我們來(lái)具體分析一下這道題:

      如果企業(yè)的行為真的破壞了環(huán)境的話,當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境保護(hù)組織一定密切關(guān)注我們的行為,所以它的interest是高的,但是他們本身對(duì)公司決策的影響力并不大low power。他們就會(huì)游說(shuō)那些有更高權(quán)力的人,比如說(shuō)政府,讓政府去干涉我們這個(gè)項(xiàng)目,這樣就會(huì)對(duì)我們企業(yè)產(chǎn)生重大影響。所以我們應(yīng)該把他放在B象限,正確答案選B,大家做對(duì)了嗎?

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解:Sales tax的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算
    2021-06-10 14:55:12 1569 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試中,對(duì)于Sales tax的計(jì)算很多同學(xué)并不清楚,每年的考試不少考生都在這個(gè)考點(diǎn)上失分,對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天就跟大家詳細(xì)講解Sales tax這個(gè)考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。

    ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解:Sales tax的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算

      01、What is sales tax

      間接稅(不由本人直接繳納的稅)

      基于商品和服務(wù)的銷售價(jià)格進(jìn)行征收

      (ie.Sales tax = List price * 稅率)

      增值稅的繳納者為商品的最終消費(fèi)者,但是是由銷售商品的企業(yè)在賣商品時(shí)向消費(fèi)者除了貨款外額外代收一筆增值稅,由企業(yè)集中交給稅務(wù)局,Sales tax對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)是一筆應(yīng)付賬款,可理解為應(yīng)付增值稅,是負(fù)債類科目。

      分類:

    ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解:Sales tax的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算

      02、Calaulation of sales tax

      Sales tax = inclusive of sales tax (Gross amount)/ (1 + tax rate) × tax rate = exclusive of sales tax (Net amount)× tax rate

      Sales tax payable = output sales tax – recoverable input sales tax

      03、Accounting Treatment of sales tax

      根據(jù)英國(guó)的稅收系統(tǒng)基本框架結(jié)構(gòu)及其部門設(shè)置,可將主線分為兩條。一邊是負(fù)責(zé)做事情的財(cái)政部Her Majesty’s Treasury,另一邊是負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管的皇家檢察署Crown Prosecution Service(CPS)。

      對(duì)于在稅局登記過(guò)的公司來(lái)說(shuō)(Tax registered):

      1) Sales時(shí)收到的Output sales tax是代稅局收的,最終還要交還給稅局,所以這部分Output sales tax不能記入Sales,而是當(dāng)做一筆Sales tax payable,而這筆Output sales tax對(duì)公司來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是應(yīng)收賬款,所以Trade receivable中的金額仍然包含Sales tax,也就是

      Dr Trade receivable(含稅)

      Cr Sales tax payable

      Cr Sales(不含稅)

      2) Purchase時(shí)支付的Input sales tax是稅局是會(huì)退稅的,所以這部分Input sales tax不能記入Purchase,而是當(dāng)做一筆Sales tax receivable,而這筆Input sales tax對(duì)公司來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是應(yīng)付賬款,所以Trade payable中的金額仍然包含Sales tax,也就是:

      Dr Purchase(不含稅)

      Dr Sales tax receivable

      Cr Trade payable(含稅)

      對(duì)于沒(méi)有在稅局登記過(guò)的公司來(lái)說(shuō)(Non tax register),就直接按含稅金額記錄,不用考慮Sales tax:

      1) Sales:

      Dr Trade receivable

      Cr Sales

      2) Purchase

      Dr Purchase

      Cr Trade payable

      T賬

    ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解:Sales tax的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算

      04、Sales tax payable movement

      Opening sales tax payable + output tax - input tax - tax paid = Closing sales tax payable

      05、Zero rated and exempt goods

      大多數(shù)商品和服務(wù)均按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稅率繳納增值稅,但有些商品被稱為零稅率(zero rated)或免稅商品(exempt goods)。

      如果商品的稅率為零(zero rates),則應(yīng)按0%的稅率征收增值稅。

      免稅的商品(exempt goods),企業(yè)無(wú)法注冊(cè)增值稅,因此無(wú)法收回其購(gòu)買所付的進(jìn)項(xiàng)稅。

      06、例題

      The following information relates to Ava Co's sales tax for the month of March 20X3:

      Sales (including sales tax) $109,250

      Purchases (net of sales tax) $64,000

      Sales tax is charged at a flat rate of 15%. Ava Co's sales tax account showed an opening credit balance of $4,540 at the beginning of the month and a closing debit balance of $2,720 at the end of the month.

      What was the total sales tax paid to regulatory authorities during the month of March 20X3?

      解析:考察Sales tax的Movement的計(jì)算:

      Opening sales tax payable + output tax - input tax - tax paid = Closing sales tax payable

      Opening sales tax payable = 4540(Cr);

      Closing sales tax payable = -2720

      (期末余額與T賬中期末值方向相反,期末余額在Dr方,則T賬中的期末值(c/d)在Cr方,且借方余額表示負(fù)的應(yīng)付賬款,所以是-2720);

      Output sales tax(銷售產(chǎn)生的) = 109250(含稅金額)/(1+15%)*15% = 14250;

      Input Sales tax(采購(gòu)產(chǎn)生的) = 64000*15%(不含稅金額)= 9600;

      所以本期Tax paid = Opening sales tax payable + output tax - input tax- Closing sales tax payable

      = 4540+14250-9600-(-2720)=11910

    ACCA知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解:Sales tax的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算

      以上就是我們Sales tax的內(nèi)容~

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA(FA)科目考點(diǎn)講解:discount的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算
    2021-06-30 14:46:57 3772 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試里,discount一直都是FA科目中一個(gè)非常重要的高頻考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)將會(huì)以例題的形式為大家重點(diǎn)講解關(guān)于discount的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算。

    ACCA(FA)科目考點(diǎn)講解

      01、Definitions

      Trade discount(商業(yè)折扣)

      A trade discount is a reduction in the list price. It is often given in return for bulk purchase order.

      在采購(gòu)或者是銷售的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)確定了是否會(huì)使用折扣

      Settlement discount (現(xiàn)金折扣)

      A settlement discount (cash discount) is a reduction of in the amount payable. It is often given in return for earlier payment.

      在采購(gòu)或者是銷售發(fā)生的時(shí)候是不確定的,在付款日才確定是否會(huì)使用折扣

      02、Accounting for discount

      Trade discount 商業(yè)折扣

      Trade discounts allowed should be deducted from the sales price.:直接在采購(gòu)或者銷售的時(shí)候就減去

      Purchase站在采購(gòu)方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Supplier A at a gross cost of $100, and receives a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Purchase 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Payable 95 (100-100*5%)

      Sale 站在銷售方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Customer B at a gross cost of $100, and offer a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Receivables 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Sales 95 (100-100*5%)

      cash discount 現(xiàn)金折扣

      現(xiàn)金折扣的處理分為discount received和 discount allowed:

      For buyer (discount received):

      At transaction date, record full invoiced amount. If subsequently take the discount, then the discount received is recorded as an income.

      站在采購(gòu)方的角度,如果后續(xù)使用了現(xiàn)金折扣,那么就記錄一個(gè)收入discount received。

      For seller (discount allowed):

      If a customer is expected to take up a cash/settlement discount, the discount is deducted from sales revenue. If the customer subsequently does not take up the discount, the discount is then recorded as sales revenue.

      站在買方的角度,處理較為復(fù)雜;首先在發(fā)生銷售時(shí),如果企業(yè)預(yù)計(jì)客戶會(huì)接受現(xiàn)金折扣),則在記錄銷售時(shí)應(yīng)確認(rèn)收入減去此折扣。

      If the customer is not expected to take up the discount, the full invoiced amount is recognized as revenue when recording the sale.

      如果在發(fā)生銷售的時(shí)候,預(yù)計(jì)客戶不會(huì)使用現(xiàn)金折扣,那么就記錄銷售的時(shí)候就按照實(shí)際銷售的金額全額記錄。

      If the customer subsequently does take up the discount, revenue is then reduced by the discount.

      如果客戶后續(xù)使用了這個(gè)折扣,那么就要調(diào)整收入,從收入中將折扣減去。

      看定義對(duì)于同學(xué)們來(lái)說(shuō),還是非常容易混淆,所以接下來(lái)我們會(huì)通過(guò)一道例題,給大家展示不同情況下的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算。

      03、例題

    ACCA(FA)科目考點(diǎn)講解

      接下來(lái)我們會(huì)分別展示站在銷售方A,和站在采購(gòu)方B兩個(gè)不同的角度應(yīng)該如何做會(huì)計(jì)處理:

      Accounting for customer B:discount received

      1. At 1 July 20x6. Initially record the purchase as follows 記錄采購(gòu):

      Dr Purchases 2000

      Cr Payable 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount(paid before 14 July 20x6)如果使用了現(xiàn)金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Discount received 80 (income) (2000*4%=80)

      3、If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續(xù)沒(méi)有使用現(xiàn)金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 2000

      Accounting for supplier A:discount allowed

      情景一:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will take the advantage of the early settlement discount銷售的時(shí)候預(yù)計(jì)客戶會(huì)使用現(xiàn)金折扣:

      Dr Receivable 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Sales 1920

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6)如果客戶后續(xù)確實(shí)使用了現(xiàn)金折扣

      Dr Cash 1920

      Cr Receivable 1920

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續(xù)客戶沒(méi)有使用現(xiàn)金折扣,這時(shí)候要調(diào)整我們之前記錄的銷售,之前認(rèn)為銷售的金額是減去了折扣的,所以現(xiàn)在要調(diào)增:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 1920

      Cr Sales 80

      情景二:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will NOT take the advantage of the early settlement discount 銷售的時(shí)候預(yù)計(jì)客戶不會(huì)使用折扣:

      Dr Receivable 2000

      Cr Sales 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6) 如果后續(xù)客戶使用了這個(gè)折扣,調(diào)整之前確認(rèn)的銷售:

      Dr Cash 1920

      Dr Sale 80

      Cr receivable 2000

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6) 如果后續(xù)客戶沒(méi)有使用這個(gè)折扣:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 2000

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA(F1)重難點(diǎn)講解,附備考攻略
    2021-07-06 14:14:16 867 瀏覽

      在日常備考過(guò)程中,很多同學(xué)都抱怨稱在F1科目里碰到了很多復(fù)雜難以理解的知識(shí)點(diǎn),要翻其他書(shū)籍才能弄懂,對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天給大家整理了F1階段的必會(huì)定義,幫助各位提高效率。

    ACCA(F1)重難點(diǎn)講解

      Organization

      Organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controlsits own performance and which has a boundary separating it from its environment.

      定義的重點(diǎn):明確的分工、共同的目標(biāo)、控制員工的表現(xiàn)、有明確的界限。

      Limited companies

      A limited company has a separate legal personality from its owners (shareholders). The shareholders can not normally be sued for the debts of the business unless they have given some personal guarantee. Their risk is generally restricted to the amount that they have invested in the company when they buy the shares. This is called limited liability.

      定義的重點(diǎn):獨(dú)立的法律個(gè)體,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)只限定于投入的財(cái)產(chǎn),不連累其他財(cái)產(chǎn)。

      Internal stakeholders

      Internal stakeholders are intimately connected to the organization, and their objectives are likely to have a strong influence on how it is run, such as employees, managers.

      定義的重點(diǎn):與企業(yè)密切聯(lián)系的,對(duì)企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)有重要的影響。舉例:企業(yè)的員工、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

      Connected stakeholders

      Connectedstakeholders can be viewed as having a contractualrelationship outside the organization, such as shareholders; customers;suppliers; finance providers.The objective of satisfying shareholders is taken as the the prime objective whichthe management of the organization will need to fulfill, however, customers andfinanciers objectives must be met if the company is tosucceed.

      定義的重點(diǎn):與企業(yè)有合同關(guān)系的,企業(yè)外部的,公司要滿足他們的需求。舉例:股東、客戶、供應(yīng)商、機(jī)構(gòu)投資者。

      External stakeholders

      External stakeholders include community at large; environmental pressure groups; government; trade union. This group will have quite diverse objectives and have varying ability to ensure that organization meets their objectives.

      定義的重點(diǎn):企業(yè)外部的,企業(yè)要盡可能滿足他們的要求,與企業(yè)沒(méi)有合同關(guān)系。舉例:政府、社會(huì)上的各類團(tuán)體組織、環(huán)境保護(hù)組織、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)。

      Primary/ secondary stakeholder

      Primary stakeholder has a contractual relationship with the org.

      定義的重點(diǎn):與企業(yè)有合同關(guān)系的。舉例:Internal/ connected stakeholder。

      Secondary stakeholder not has a contractual relationship outside the org.

      定義的重點(diǎn):與企業(yè)沒(méi)有合同關(guān)系的,舉例:external stakeholder。

      Microeconomics

      Microeconomics focuses on how theindividual partsof an economy make decisions about how to allocate scarce resources。

      定義的重點(diǎn): 關(guān)注個(gè)體部分的發(fā)展,分配稀缺資源。

      Macroeconomics

      Macroeconomics is the study of the aggregated effort of the decisions of individual economic units. It looks at a complete national economy,or the international economic system as a whole.

      定義的重點(diǎn):?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體決策的集合影響,著眼于整個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)體

      Inflation

      An increase in price levels generally; the decline in the purchasing power of money。

      定義的重點(diǎn):持續(xù)地物價(jià)上漲,居民購(gòu)買力下降。

      Fiscal policy

      Fiscal policy is a kind of government policy which focuses on taxation,public borrowing and public spending.

      定義的重點(diǎn): 政府的政策。舉例:稅收、政府借款、政府開(kāi)銷。

      Monetary policy

      Monetary policy is kind of government policy which uses money supply ,interest rates,exchange rates or credit control to influence aggregate demand.

      定義的重點(diǎn): 政府的政策。舉例:貨幣供應(yīng)、利率、匯率、信貸控制。

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA考點(diǎn)梳理:Bad debt&amp;Doubtful debt
    2021-07-23 14:00:55 1575 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試當(dāng)中,“Bad debt&Doubtful debt”作為一個(gè)常考點(diǎn)每年基本都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在考卷里,同時(shí)同學(xué)們?cè)谂龅竭@個(gè)考點(diǎn)也會(huì)經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就通關(guān)相關(guān)的例題為大家詳細(xì)講解。

    ACCA考點(diǎn)梳理

      01、What is Bad debt&Doubtful debt

      1. Dad debt:

      If a debt is definitely irrecoverable it should be written off to statement of profit or loss as a bad debt.

      對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款影響:減少Trade receivable balance

      2.Doubtful debt:

      If a debt is possibly irrecoverable an allowance for the potential irrecoverability of that debt should be made.

      分類:

      1)Specific allowance:

      針對(duì)某個(gè)特定客戶的壞賬準(zhǔn)備(Particular/named individual customer)。

      2)General allowance=(Trade receivable balance - Bad debt - Specific allowance)*n%

      公司跟據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定一個(gè)Trade receivable減去Bad debt和Specific allowance后可能發(fā)生壞賬的百分比。

      對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款影響:不減少Trade receivable balance

      02、Initial recognition

      1.Bad debt:

      Dr Receivable expense(SPL)

      Cr Trade receivables(SOFP)

      2. Specific allowance&General allowance

      Dr Receivable expense(SPL)

      Cr Allowance for receivables(SOFP)

      03、Subsequent change in bad debt and doubtful debt

      1.Initial bad debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬收回)

      直接記錄收到了現(xiàn)金,抵消過(guò)去記錄的壞賬費(fèi)用,不影響Trade receivable:

      Dr Cash

      Cr Receivable expense

      2.Initial specific debt->Subsequent recovered(壞賬準(zhǔn)備收回)

      1)第一步:抵消過(guò)去記錄的壞賬準(zhǔn)備:

      Dr Allowance for receivables

      Cr Receivable expense

      2)第二步:記錄我們收到的現(xiàn)金:

      Dr Cash

      Cr Trade receivables

      3. Initial specific debt->Subsequent go bad(壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬)

      因?yàn)閴馁~準(zhǔn)備和壞賬都是Receivable expense且壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬時(shí)金額沒(méi)有發(fā)生改變,所以壞賬準(zhǔn)備變成壞賬不影響Receivable expense,也不影響Profit:

      Dr Allowance for receivables

      Cr Trade receivables

      04、Receivable expense的計(jì)算

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance

      = Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)

      05、例題

      At 30 June 20X4 a company's allowance for receivables was $39,000. At 30 June 20X5 trade receivables totaled $517,000. It was decided to write off debts totaling $37,000. The allowance for receivables was to be adjusted to the equivalent of 5 per cent of the trade receivables.

      What figure should appear in the statement of profit or loss for these items?

      A. $61,000

      B. $22,000

      C. $24,000

      D. $23,850

      分析:題目讓求在利潤(rùn)表中記錄的壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備的費(fèi)用的金額,也就是求計(jì)入利潤(rùn)表的Receivable expense。

      Step1:

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance

      = Bad debt + (Closing allowance - Opening allowance)

      Step2:

      Bad debt題目信息直接給了=37000

    ACCA考點(diǎn)梳理

      Step3:

      Movement in allowance = Closing allowance - Opening allowance

      = (517000-37000)*5% - 39000 = -15000

    ACCA考點(diǎn)梳理

      Step4:

      Receivable expense = Bad debt + Movement in allowance = 37000-15000 = 22000

    ACCA考點(diǎn)梳理

      所以這道題答案選擇B。

      以上就是我們壞賬和壞賬準(zhǔn)備的內(nèi)容,重點(diǎn)需要大家掌握的就是:

      Allowance的計(jì)算

      Receivable expense的計(jì)算

      壞賬收回,壞賬準(zhǔn)備變壞賬,壞賬準(zhǔn)備收回的會(huì)計(jì)處理

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA(F1)考點(diǎn)解析:BOP是什么?
    2021-07-26 13:58:19 2278 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試當(dāng)中,每年都會(huì)有一個(gè)??键c(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在試卷里,這個(gè)考點(diǎn)就是“BOP”,對(duì)于初次報(bào)考的新考生來(lái)說(shuō),很多人會(huì)對(duì)該考點(diǎn)比較陌生,對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天就跟大家詳解。

    ACCA(F1)考點(diǎn)解析

      BOP是什么?

      BOP就是一個(gè)國(guó)家記錄進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易、國(guó)際貿(mào)易的賬戶,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)國(guó)家記錄國(guó)際貿(mào)易往來(lái)的會(huì)計(jì)賬簿,更有趣的是,BOP同樣運(yùn)用復(fù)式記賬(double entry bookkeeping)

      注意: 復(fù)式記賬,簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)就是通過(guò)一進(jìn)一出兩個(gè)及以上科目來(lái)反映一筆交易。

      重要:

      當(dāng)進(jìn)口大于出口,也就是產(chǎn)生貿(mào)易逆差,我們稱作 trade deficit

      當(dāng)出口大于進(jìn)口,也就是貿(mào)易順差,我們叫做 trade surplus

      于是,就涉及到對(duì)交易類型進(jìn)行分類,BOP一共有三個(gè)account-科目,分別是

      1.current account

      這個(gè)account專門用來(lái)記錄進(jìn)出口的貨物(goods)、服務(wù)(service)、投資收入(investment income)、

      以及經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)移(current transfer)

      注意: 經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)移,又叫做單邊轉(zhuǎn)移,指的是一邊對(duì)另外一邊的無(wú)償轉(zhuǎn)讓,例如,外國(guó)捐助、僑匯等。

      2.capital account

      資本賬戶用處很小,微乎其微,主要是一些特定資本的轉(zhuǎn)移,如債務(wù)豁免、移民資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移等,都是資產(chǎn)的單邊轉(zhuǎn)移。尤其是,在一年內(nèi),大部分國(guó)家此類資本流動(dòng)都很少。

      3.financial account

      金融賬戶主要記錄兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容:

      1. 中國(guó)(本國(guó))在海外擁有的資產(chǎn)凈值的變化

      2.外國(guó)在中國(guó)擁有的資產(chǎn)凈值的變化

      解釋一下,凈變化指的是資產(chǎn)買賣差額的變化,和總變化是不同的概念。

      根據(jù)IMF(國(guó)際貨幣基金組織)建議,financial account主要記錄

      1. 直接投資

      2. 證券投資

      3. 其他投資

      4. 儲(chǔ)備資產(chǎn)

      以上,如果不懂也沒(méi)關(guān)系,具體來(lái)說(shuō)就是像證券投資/外匯資產(chǎn)/貨幣黃金等。

      最后,回到這道題目,因?yàn)锽OP記錄的是一年中的變化,所以,通常而言,無(wú)論是trade surplus或者deficit 都出現(xiàn)在current account(貨物/服務(wù)交易)中。

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

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    ACCA(FA)高頻考點(diǎn)詳解,discount的會(huì)計(jì)處理
    2021-09-10 11:14:59 696 瀏覽

      在ACCA考試中,折扣知識(shí)點(diǎn)可是FA科目非常重要的一個(gè)內(nèi)容,本文會(huì)通過(guò)例題的形式幫助大家理解和掌握discount的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算。

    ACCA(FA)高頻考點(diǎn)詳解

      01、Definitions

      Trade discount(商業(yè)折扣)

      A trade discount is a reduction in the list price. It is often given in return for bulk purchase order.

      在采購(gòu)或者是銷售的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)確定了是否會(huì)使用折扣

      Settlement discount (現(xiàn)金折扣)

      A settlement discount (cash discount) is a reduction of in the amount payable. It is often given in return for earlier payment.

      在采購(gòu)或者是銷售發(fā)生的時(shí)候是不確定的,在付款日才確定是否會(huì)使用折扣。

      02、Accounting for discount

      Trade discount 商業(yè)折扣

      Trade discounts allowed should be deducted from the sales price.:直接在采購(gòu)或者銷售的時(shí)候就減去

      Purchase站在采購(gòu)方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Supplier A at a gross cost of $100, and receives a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Purchase 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Payable 95 (100-100*5%)

      Sale 站在銷售方的角度

      Golden purchases goods on credit from Customer B at a gross cost of $100, and offer a trade discount of 5%.

      Dr Receivables 95 (100-100*5%)

      Cr Sales 95 (100-100*5%)

      cash discount 現(xiàn)金折扣

      現(xiàn)金折扣的處理分為discount received和 discount allowed:

      For buyer (discount received):

      At transaction date, record full invoiced amount. If subsequently take the discount, then the discount received is recorded as an income.

      站在采購(gòu)方的角度,如果后續(xù)使用了現(xiàn)金折扣,那么就記錄一個(gè)收入discount received。

      For seller (discount allowed):

      If a customer is expected to take up a cash/settlement discount, the discount is deducted from sales revenue. If the customer subsequently does not take up the discount, the discount is then recorded as sales revenue.

      站在買方的角度,處理較為復(fù)雜;首先在發(fā)生銷售時(shí),如果企業(yè)預(yù)計(jì)客戶會(huì)接受現(xiàn)金折扣),則在記錄銷售時(shí)應(yīng)確認(rèn)收入減去此折扣。

      If the customer is not expected to take up the discount, the full invoiced amount is recognized as revenue when recording the sale.

      如果在發(fā)生銷售的時(shí)候,預(yù)計(jì)客戶不會(huì)使用現(xiàn)金折扣,那么就記錄銷售的時(shí)候就按照實(shí)際銷售的金額全額記錄。

      If the customer subsequently does take up the discount, revenue is then reduced by the discount.

      如果客戶后續(xù)使用了這個(gè)折扣,那么就要調(diào)整收入,從收入中將折扣減去。

      看定義對(duì)于同學(xué)們來(lái)說(shuō),還是非常容易混淆,所以接下來(lái)我們會(huì)通過(guò)一道例題,給大家展示不同情況下的會(huì)計(jì)處理和計(jì)算。

      03、例題


    ACCA(FA)高頻考點(diǎn)詳解

           接下來(lái)我們會(huì)分別展示站在銷售方A,和站在采購(gòu)方B兩個(gè)不同的角度應(yīng)該如何做會(huì)計(jì)處理:

      Accounting for customer B:discount received

      1. At 1 July 20x6. Initially record the purchase as follows 記錄采購(gòu):

      Dr Purchases 2000

      Cr Payable 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount(paid before 14 July 20x6)如果使用了現(xiàn)金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Discount received 80 (income) (2000*4%=80)

      3、If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續(xù)沒(méi)有使用現(xiàn)金折扣:

      Dr Payable 2000

      Cr Cash 2000

      Accounting for supplier A:discount allowed

      情景一:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will take the advantage of the early settlement discount銷售的時(shí)候預(yù)計(jì)客戶會(huì)使用現(xiàn)金折扣:

      Dr Receivable 1920 (2000-2000*4%)

      Cr Sales 1920

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6)如果客戶后續(xù)確實(shí)使用了現(xiàn)金折扣

      Dr Cash 1920

      Cr Receivable 1920

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6)如果后續(xù)客戶沒(méi)有使用現(xiàn)金折扣,這時(shí)候要調(diào)整我們之前記錄的銷售,之前認(rèn)為銷售的金額是減去了折扣的,所以現(xiàn)在要調(diào)增:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 1920

      Cr Sales 80

      情景二:

      1. At 1 July 20x6. If A expected the customer B will NOT take the advantage of the early settlement discount 銷售的時(shí)候預(yù)計(jì)客戶不會(huì)使用折扣:

      Dr Receivable 2000

      Cr Sales 2000

      2. If subsequently take the discount (paid before 14 July 20x6) 如果后續(xù)客戶使用了這個(gè)折扣,調(diào)整之前確認(rèn)的銷售:

      Dr Cash 1920

      Dr Sale 80

      Cr receivable 2000

      3. If subsequently not take (paid after 14 July 20x6) 如果后續(xù)客戶沒(méi)有使用這個(gè)折扣:

      Dr Cash 2000

      Cr Receivable 2000

      來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫

    展開(kāi)全文
    40歲拿注會(huì)后干什么工作
    2022-08-16 23:11:44 1021 瀏覽

      40歲拿注會(huì)后可以在會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所工作、在大公司就職或者在事業(yè)政府機(jī)關(guān)、銀行等機(jī)構(gòu)工作,證書(shū)的加持提供了很多就業(yè)選擇。注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師證書(shū)是會(huì)計(jì)行業(yè)含金量很高的證書(shū),擁有了該證書(shū),就業(yè)前景將會(huì)越來(lái)越光明,職業(yè)平臺(tái)也會(huì)越來(lái)越寬廣。

      對(duì)于人才來(lái)說(shuō),年齡不是問(wèn)題,考證是豐富一個(gè)人專業(yè)知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備最便利的捷徑,在積累了多年的財(cái)務(wù)實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以后,再考出CPA證書(shū)可以為自己的職場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力增加砝碼,有效避免被裁員和被優(yōu)化的危機(jī)。

    40歲注會(huì)就業(yè)方向

      注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師就業(yè)方向

      1、會(huì)計(jì)工作:可以進(jìn)入會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所、私有企業(yè)以及國(guó)有企業(yè)等等。主要是從事會(huì)計(jì)方面的工作,包括財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表制作、財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)匯總等等。

      2、審計(jì)工作:可以進(jìn)入國(guó)家的財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)管部門,負(fù)責(zé)相應(yīng)的審計(jì)工作,或者是進(jìn)入專業(yè)的審計(jì)事務(wù)所。

      3、稅務(wù)工作:可以進(jìn)入稅務(wù)公司或者是稅務(wù)局,主要是負(fù)責(zé)稅務(wù)方面的繳納問(wèn)題、稅務(wù)糾紛等等。

      4、金融工作:比如證券、理財(cái)、金融保險(xiǎn)等,都是和金融相關(guān)的工作,持注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師證書(shū)的人才,可以從事相關(guān)工作。

      注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師要具備的職業(yè)能力

      1、作為注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師必須要具備會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)、財(cái)務(wù)、稅務(wù)、相關(guān)法的相應(yīng)專業(yè)知識(shí),為今后的工作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

      2、在在職業(yè)環(huán)境中合理并且有效的運(yùn)用專業(yè)知識(shí)。

      3、可以在工作當(dāng)中保持正確的職業(yè)價(jià)值觀,并且還要具備良好的道德以及能力。

      4、注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師在取得執(zhí)業(yè)資格證之后,必須要承擔(dān)起企業(yè)安排的相應(yīng)工作。

      注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師行業(yè)面臨的需求

      1、外國(guó)公司進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)對(duì)人才的需求

      外國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)公司或會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所,以及外國(guó)在華的機(jī)構(gòu)及其他中介機(jī)構(gòu)其實(shí)早已看到了中國(guó)這一新興市場(chǎng)潛在的巨大需求。加入WTO后,他們會(huì)大舉進(jìn)入我國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)市場(chǎng),在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)并展開(kāi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。然而,由于語(yǔ)言、文化、制度等方面的差異以及相對(duì)成本方面的考慮,他們必然把國(guó)際化置于本土化之中,雇用大量高素質(zhì)中方員工,尤其是具有注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師執(zhí)業(yè)資格的人員和那些熟悉國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)資本市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作、精通外語(yǔ)及熟練掌握機(jī)的專業(yè)人才,這從目前在我國(guó)的外資銀行和外國(guó)保險(xiǎn)公司主要雇用中方人員便可看出。外國(guó)公司雄厚的實(shí)力和靈活的用人機(jī)制,使他們能夠在高素質(zhì)人才競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取得優(yōu)勢(shì)。

      2、中國(guó)改革與的全方位需求

      加入WTO后,我國(guó)企業(yè)將失去關(guān)稅保護(hù)和出口補(bǔ)貼等,必須在國(guó)家、制度允許的范圍內(nèi),按照市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)去運(yùn)作,完全自主經(jīng)營(yíng)、自負(fù)盈虧、自我約束、自我發(fā)展,并面對(duì)開(kāi)放的國(guó)際市場(chǎng),按照國(guó)際慣例和國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則行事,平等參與市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這就要求注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)提供全方位優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)。因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)將不但要求注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師和會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所提供審計(jì)和一般信息披露服務(wù),還會(huì)要求提供有關(guān)資產(chǎn)重組、上市運(yùn)作、投融資決策、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避、市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè)等一系列更高層次的管理咨詢服務(wù)。也就是說(shuō),入世后的中國(guó)企業(yè),對(duì)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的服務(wù)范圍、服務(wù)形式、服務(wù)層次、服務(wù)質(zhì)量等有更大的需求和更高要求。

      同時(shí),越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)將面對(duì)開(kāi)放的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力,將有越來(lái)越多的國(guó)有企業(yè)改制成為股份制企業(yè),他們也渴望得到注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師和會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所提供的高質(zhì)量服務(wù)。所以,對(duì)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師服務(wù)不僅在數(shù)量上,而且在質(zhì)量和內(nèi)容上都將有巨大的需求。面對(duì)激烈的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),入世后的我國(guó)企業(yè)必須按國(guó)際慣例去經(jīng)營(yíng)和運(yùn)作,也必須遵守WTO規(guī)則,因此,到時(shí)眾多的中國(guó)企業(yè)更加需要高水平的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師為之提供全方位和高層次的服務(wù)。

      3、外國(guó)投資者對(duì)注冊(cè)會(huì)師服務(wù)的需求

      加入WTO后,會(huì)有更多的外國(guó)資本大量涌入中國(guó)。外國(guó)投資者以及其他利益主體為保護(hù)自身的利益,迫切要求中國(guó)的會(huì)計(jì)市場(chǎng)能夠按照國(guó)際慣例和國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則為他們提供規(guī)范的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師服務(wù),如進(jìn)行獨(dú)立和公正的審計(jì)、提供規(guī)范和真實(shí)的信息及管理咨詢服務(wù)等,以便進(jìn)行決策。因此,入世后外國(guó)資本流入和外國(guó)投資增加,也對(duì)我國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師服務(wù)產(chǎn)生新的更大需求。要迎接加入WTO的挑戰(zhàn),必須培養(yǎng)和造就一批出色的中國(guó)執(zhí)業(yè)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師。認(rèn)真辦好注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師專業(yè)的高等,我國(guó)政府應(yīng)增加對(duì)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師專業(yè)人才教育的投資,并支持會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所與高等院校合作培養(yǎng)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師專門人才。目前大約有22所大學(xué)已實(shí)施了注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師專門化教育計(jì)劃,設(shè)立了CPA專業(yè),其核心課程包括中級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)、高級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)、財(cái)務(wù)管理、成本和管理會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)、管理咨詢、稅法、經(jīng)濟(jì)法、會(huì)計(jì)電算化和審計(jì)等。

    展開(kāi)全文
    美國(guó)加州浸會(huì)大學(xué)國(guó)際博士(DBA)學(xué)制幾年,附課程內(nèi)容
    2023-05-26 14:34:30 277 瀏覽

      美國(guó)加州浸會(huì)大學(xué)國(guó)際博士(DBA)學(xué)制是3年。第一年國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)、第二年赴美學(xué)習(xí)、第三年自行選擇。

    美國(guó)加州浸會(huì)大學(xué)DBA

    美國(guó)加州浸會(huì)大學(xué)DBA課程內(nèi)容

      1、第一學(xué)年課程

      組織與管理基礎(chǔ)Foundations of Organization and Management

      組織與管理倫理Ethics in Organization and Management

      人力資源管理主題Topics in Human Resource Management

      財(cái)務(wù)分析決策Financial Analysis for Decision Making

      經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的商業(yè)應(yīng)用Applying Economics Theory to Business

      國(guó)際商業(yè)International Business in Global Markets

      2、第二學(xué)年課程

      戰(zhàn)略營(yíng)銷Strategic Marketing

      研究設(shè)計(jì)Research Design

      數(shù)據(jù)分析與解讀Data Analysis and Interpretation

      定量研究Quantitative Research

      定性研究Qualitative Research

      綜合測(cè)試Comprehensive Experience

      3、第三學(xué)年課程

      畢業(yè)論文(開(kāi)題、寫作、答辯)Dissertation Experience BUS 797

      畢業(yè)論文(提交發(fā)表)Dissertation Completion

      注:因考試政策、內(nèi)容不斷變化與調(diào)整,以上內(nèi)容僅供參考,具體信息請(qǐng)右下角直接咨詢。

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    Transforming Finance Function
    2023-08-15 15:11:27 165 瀏覽

    課程背景

      Accenture research shows that more than 70%business results will be influenced by outstanding finance function.Any enterprise doesn’t achieve the finance function transforming will definitely be threatened in nowadays fierce competition for lacking of decision support.As qualified finance executives,we should simplify the underlying business process,increase the time of decision-making support.Worldwide top companies have seized the opportunity to transform the finance function to achieve more effective financial work,then how about you?

    Transforming \nFinance Function

      This course invites Dr.Alan Parkinson,the well-known professor of University College London,to be the honorable lecturer on presenting the impacts of the changing world on finance function,and raising the response of finance function to the external influences.Alan will also guide the finance executives to utilize‘DMAIC Principle’(Define,Measure,Analyze,Improve,and Control)for optimizing company’s finance process.This course will help companies create values from customers’perspective and implement effective financial reform for enhancing competitive advantages.

    課程收益

      ?Knowing current worldwide changes and their major influence on finance function

      ?Understanding the finance function solutions for coping the changes and the development tendency of finance accounting

      ?Learning‘DMAIC Principle’for optimizing the finance process

      ?Strengthening data mining and acknowledgement

      ?Building partnership between finance and management level

      ?Enhancing value creation from customers’perspective

    課程對(duì)象

      CFO

      Finance Director

      Chief Accountant

      Finance Manager

      Finance/Accounting Personnel

    培訓(xùn)大綱

    Day 1

    -The implications of a changing world for the Finance function

      -Tasks of Accountants

      -Changes in The Organisational World

      -Manual Workers vs Knowledge Workers

      -The Impact on the World of Accountants

      Finance in the Future

      -The Shift in Focus within Finance

      -Better Performance Through Better Finance Support

      -Finance and IT Interfaces

      -Changing Information Demands

      Improve the Finance process:Inputs into Outputs

      -Business Partners

      -Leanmethodology

      -Undesirable effects(UDEs)

      -Force field analysis

      Balanced scorecards

      -BSC KPIs

      -BSC Mechanisms

      -Practical Application

      -Advice For Successful Implementation

      -The Efficiency/Effectiveness Matrix

      Key performance indicators

      -Measuring Efficiency,Effectiveness,Economy

      -The 3Es&VFM

      -Holistic Measures

      -The Efficiency/Effectiveness Matrix

    Day 2

    USING BUDGETS TO MANAGE AND PLAN:Beyond Conventional Budgeting

      -STRATEGIC CORPORATE PLAN

      -Budget Relationships(based on commercial business)

      -Traditional Budgeting

      -Playing Games with the Budget

      -The Hockey Stick

      -Influencing behaviorthrough responsibility accounting

      -The Utility of Budgets

      FromOldtoNewBudgeting

      -Alternative Business Structures

      -Six Principles of Devolved Leadership

      -Unsuitability of Budgets

      -Six Adaptive Processes

      Thoughts about costs

      -Another Way of Looking at Costs

      -Full Costing

      -Contribution CostingContribution Significancein Your Area

      -Activity Based Costing and Illustration

      -Cost Pools

      Variances from Budgets

      -Making Sense of Budget Variances

      -Investigating Variances

    想了解詳細(xì)課程資料,點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)左側(cè)的在線咨詢圖標(biāo),與在線老師交流。

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    Taxation in china
    2023-08-18 14:10:52 157 瀏覽

    課程背景

      In the world only has two facts inevitably,one is the death,two is the tax revenue.

      China is one of the biggest markets in the world and is attracting more and more global investors to move into the China market.In order to run the business in a most cost efficient way,it is necessary for the foreign investors to understand all the potential relevant tax costs that would be incurred in China before making an investment decision.In addition,different type of investment activities will trigger different types of taxes.

    Taxation in china

    課程收益

      You can learn about China's tax policies and regulations.

      You can understand the impact of tax laws on foreign investment in China

      You can master the enterprise in the VAT reform in expanding around the pilot to adjust in accounting

      You can grasp the meaning and usage of key taxes,such as Corporate income tax.

      You can familiar with trial reform of the tax planning under the new basic concepts and skills.

      You can understand the pilot reform possible strategy for enterprise influence.

    課程對(duì)象

      Foreigners

      Foreign Investment Enterprises("FIEs")

      Foreign Enterprises("FEs")doing business in China

    課程大綱

      Module 1 China's Taxation System

      Framework of tax system in China

      Classification of taxes and Type of Tax

      Module 2 Analysis of Specific Taxes

      Tax on income

      ?Corporate income tax("CIT")

      -standard tax rate is 25%

      -the tax rate could be reduced to 15%for qualified enterprises which are engaged in industries encouraged by the China government.

      ?Individual income tax("IIT")

      -progressive rates range from 5%to 45%.

      Tax on transactions

      ?Value-added tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -The standard tax rate is 17%with certain necessities taxed at 13%.

      ?Consumption tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      ?Business tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      Tax on specific objective

      ?Land appreciation tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Calculation of added value

      Tax on resource

      ?Resources tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      Tax on property

      ?Real estate tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      Tax on behavior

      ?Vehicle and vessel tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      ?Motor vehicle acquisition tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      ?Stamp tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      Tax levied by the Customs

      ?Customs duties

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate

      Tax levied by finance department

      ?Deed tax

      -The meaning and the scope

      -Tax rate


    想了解最新詳細(xì)課程資料,點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)的在線咨詢圖標(biāo),與在線老師交流。

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    Lean Finance
    2023-08-23 16:10:35 95 瀏覽

    課程背景

      Worldwide famous‘Toyota pioneered lean practices’crashed and burned in early 2010,which changed the fate of the world top one automobile manufacturer and also rang the alarm bell to all the finance and operation executives that how to avoid Toyota tragedy while implementing lean finance into production.

      As the lean approach percolates into ever wider circles of operations,it ceases to be about best practice and starts to become a part of the fabric of doing business.The important thing,in the heat of competition,will be how well companies implement them and averse the follow-up risks,which caused by the diversity of cultures,infrastructures and environments.

    Lean Finance

      This training aims to look at wider ranging operational excellence programs and the methods of successful implementation.It is also more about building the energy and engagement of employees from the shop floor and the office pool upward,tapping into their ideas,focusing them on constant problem solving,and keeping them open to change and flexibility.

    課程收益

      Learning how companies like Boeing,Parker Hannifin,Siemens,Messier Dowty and hosts of smaller firms are revolutionizing accounting,control and measurement processes

      The first systematic lean program about the specifics of adapting financial systems to better serve lean operations by the world leading lean authority

      Providing accurate,timely and understandable information to motivate the lean transformation throughout the organization,and for decision-making leading to increased customer value,growth,profitability,and cash flow

      Using lean methods to eliminate waste from the accounting processes while maintaining thorough financial control

      Supporting the lean culture by motivating investment in people,providing information that is relevant and actionable,and empowers continuous improvement at very level of the organization

      Developing action plans for implementing Lean Accounting methods in participating companies considering the existing defense industry structural barriers

      Learning the approach of how to design and measure work to achieve business objectives to implement your lean system design

      Helping the design of a radically new way of the processes and savagely eliminating wastes from it

      Putting performance measurement on a different level

      Reducing customer wait times and creating value to them by kinds of tools

    課程對(duì)象

      Executive Leaders,Financial Professionals,Lean Specialists

      Financial Directors,Financial Managers,Accountants

      Senior Managers in Operations,Product,Procurement,Sales,and Marketing,etc.

      Highly recommending to bring a small group or team to the workshop to maximize the benefits

    課程大綱

      Lean Introduction

      Five Principles of Lean Thinking

      New lean methods of accounting,control&measurement

      Box Score

      The Structure of Box Score

      Box Score implementing in lean accounting to prioritize the lean improvement projects

      Value Stream Management

      The importance and helpfulness of value streams

      A standard method for determining the value stream flows

      Flows implementing for developing the best value stream organization

      Group Work:Design a value stream structure for a company making values and manifolds

      Lean Performance Measurements

      Lean measurements‘Starter Set’

      ‘Lean Performance Measurement Linkage Chart’

      Changing‘command&control’management style to a lean management style

      Value Stream Accounting

      Value streams as the primary cost objects

      Collecting information of summary,direct value stream revenue and cost

      Creating a‘Plain English’income statement

      Exercise

      Value Steam Capacity

      Value steam map

      Capacity model

      Value stream capacity usage and analysis

      Exercise

      Decision Making

      Box Score decision-making templates

      Effective decision making

      Exercise

      Transaction Elimination

      Identifying and eliminating the wasteful transactions

      Transaction Elimination Maturity Path Matrix

      Lean Accounting‘Footprint’Chart–current&future state

      Documenting the changes

      Exercise

      Box Score in an Administrative Process

      Box Score for monitoring and improving the process

      Radical improvement in an account payable process

      Implementation of Basic Lean Accounting

      Approach to the implementation of basic lean accounting


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    中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)歷年真題及答案解析
    2023-10-31 09:29:01 1058 瀏覽

      中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)專業(yè)是中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師考試中的十大專業(yè)之一,涉及了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)、典型案例等知識(shí)點(diǎn)。小編為大家提供了一些中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的歷年真題,幫助大家檢驗(yàn)在此領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)水平,快來(lái)完成一下吧。

    中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)\n歷年真題及答案解析

      題目1:下列屬于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法領(lǐng)域的是:

      A.勞動(dòng)合同法

      B.民法

      C.著作權(quán)法

      D.行政訴訟法

      答案:C

      解析:著作權(quán)法屬于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法的范疇,其他選項(xiàng)與知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法無(wú)關(guān)。

      題目2:商標(biāo)權(quán)是指:

      A.注冊(cè)商標(biāo)的權(quán)益

      B.商標(biāo)使用者的權(quán)益

      C.商標(biāo)使用者的權(quán)益和注冊(cè)商標(biāo)的權(quán)益

      D.商標(biāo)的價(jià)值

      答案:C

      解析:商標(biāo)權(quán)包括商標(biāo)使用者的權(quán)益和注冊(cè)商標(biāo)的權(quán)益,因此選項(xiàng)C正確。

      題目3:下列哪個(gè)法律法規(guī)是中國(guó)對(duì)外商投資領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)性法律?

      A.《中華人民共和國(guó)專利法》

      B.《中華人民共和國(guó)商標(biāo)法》

      C.《中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)外投資法》

      D.《中華人民共和國(guó)著作權(quán)法》

      答案:C

      解析:《中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)外投資法》是中國(guó)對(duì)外商投資領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)性法律,與其他選項(xiàng)無(wú)關(guān)。

      題目4:以下哪個(gè)地區(qū)在知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)方面屬于最高級(jí)別?

      A.WIPO

      B.WTO

      C.TRIPS

      D.UNESCO

      答案:C

      解析:TRIPS(世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)議中的與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議)是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)方面的最高級(jí)別,其他選項(xiàng)屬于相關(guān)組織或機(jī)構(gòu),與最高級(jí)別無(wú)關(guān)。

      題目5:根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)《專利法》,下列屬于可被專利保護(hù)的是:

      A.服務(wù)方式

      B.數(shù)學(xué)方法

      C.科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)

      D.電影作品

      答案:D

      解析:根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)《專利法》規(guī)定,電影作品屬于可被專利保護(hù)的,其他選項(xiàng)不屬于可被專利保護(hù)的范疇。

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    MBA院校世界排名詳情!考生必看!
    2024-04-24 14:25:23 442 瀏覽

    QS世界大學(xué)排名(英文:QS World University Rankings;簡(jiǎn)稱QS rankings),是由全球高等教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)Quacquarelli Symonds(QS)所發(fā)表的年度世界大學(xué)排名。排名包括主要的世界大學(xué)綜合排名及學(xué)科排名

    MBA院校世界排名

    影響QS世界大學(xué)排名的數(shù)據(jù)主要有三種:

    第一是QS的獨(dú)立調(diào)查問(wèn)卷結(jié)果

    第二是各類學(xué)術(shù)研究成果、摘要和論文引文的國(guó)際數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

    第三是各所大學(xué),包括學(xué)生數(shù)量、教師數(shù)量以及人員構(gòu)成的國(guó)際化比例數(shù)據(jù)

    QS排行榜主要考慮學(xué)校的六個(gè)指標(biāo):

    1.acaemic reputation學(xué)術(shù)聲譽(yù)(占比40%)

    2.employer reputation雇主聲譽(yù)(占比10%)

    3.faculty/stuent ratio師生比(占比20%)

    4.citations per faculty文獻(xiàn)引用數(shù)(占比20%)

    5.international faculty ratio國(guó)際教職工比例(占比5%)

    6.international stuent ratio國(guó)際生比例(占比5%)

    QS排名的參考指標(biāo)維度非常之多,這么多細(xì)分的指標(biāo)也是為了呈現(xiàn)當(dāng)下全球高校在不同維度上的表現(xiàn)。

    其實(shí)學(xué)校排名只是一方面,而國(guó)際三大商學(xué)認(rèn)證能夠很好反映出商學(xué)院的MBA教學(xué)質(zhì)量。

    具體是哪三大認(rèn)證?即:AACSB、EQUIS、AMBA。

    QS排名的參考指標(biāo)維度非常之多,這么多細(xì)分的指標(biāo)也是為了呈現(xiàn)當(dāng)下全球高校在不同維度上的表現(xiàn)。

    其實(shí)學(xué)校排名只是一方面,而國(guó)際三大商學(xué)認(rèn)證能夠很好反映出商學(xué)院的MBA教學(xué)質(zhì)量。

    具體是哪三大認(rèn)證?即:AACSB、EQUIS、AMBA。

    AACSB、EQUIS、AMBA

    按認(rèn)證時(shí)長(zhǎng)和認(rèn)證難度來(lái)看,AACSB>EQUIS>AMBA。AACSB平均認(rèn)證時(shí)間需要5-7年,EQUIS認(rèn)證需要1-2年,AMBA認(rèn)證需要9-18個(gè)月。這三項(xiàng)認(rèn)證被稱為MBA項(xiàng)目的“質(zhì)檢總局”,是商學(xué)領(lǐng)域的“三皇冠”,有認(rèn)證的MBA,教學(xué)質(zhì)量更有公信力。

    AACSB認(rèn)證

    AACSB(The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business),譯為國(guó)際商學(xué)院協(xié)會(huì),成立于1916年,是認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)中的百年老店,是全球首屈一指的商學(xué)院和會(huì)計(jì)項(xiàng)目非政府認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu),自1919年開(kāi)始推行高等管理教育認(rèn)證。

    AACSB認(rèn)證重點(diǎn)是教育質(zhì)量,其商學(xué)認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大部分規(guī)定都與教育質(zhì)量密切相關(guān)。AACSB致力于保持和提高全球工商管理教育的質(zhì)量,它的規(guī)范與評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已成為全球管理教育的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要包括:使命及目標(biāo)、課程內(nèi)容及評(píng)價(jià)、教師研究成果、學(xué)生、教育資源及責(zé)任、智力支持。

    獲得AACSB認(rèn)證資格的商學(xué)院必然具備以下特征:根據(jù)不斷調(diào)整的使命進(jìn)行資源配置;教師擁有先進(jìn)的商業(yè)和管理知識(shí);提供高質(zhì)量的教學(xué)和前沿的課程體系;鼓勵(lì)師生互動(dòng);培養(yǎng)的畢業(yè)生能完成既定的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。

    AACSB的認(rèn)證制度之嚴(yán)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之高,冠居全球,因而該認(rèn)證含金量最高,全球范圍內(nèi)僅有5%的商學(xué)院獲得了久負(fù)盛名的AACSB認(rèn)證。

    EQUIS認(rèn)證

    EQUIS是歐洲管理發(fā)展基金會(huì)(EFMD)創(chuàng)辦的一個(gè)以認(rèn)證為形式,對(duì)高等管理教育機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),推動(dòng)教育進(jìn)步的國(guó)際認(rèn)證體系。該認(rèn)證于1996年起推行,是歐洲最嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量認(rèn)證體系。

    EQUIS認(rèn)證重點(diǎn)關(guān)注國(guó)際化及校企互動(dòng)。EQUIS不宣揚(yáng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,它崇尚項(xiàng)目形式的多樣性、學(xué)院的多樣性,該認(rèn)證是從整體來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)認(rèn)證對(duì)象,認(rèn)證過(guò)程非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。以MBA項(xiàng)目認(rèn)證為例,除要求高等管理教育機(jī)構(gòu)提供證明其在本國(guó)內(nèi)擁有高水平的教學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有力證據(jù)以外,還要求該機(jī)構(gòu)課程必須高度國(guó)際化,學(xué)生必須具備全球使命感等。此外,EQUIS認(rèn)為高等管理教管機(jī)構(gòu)與工商業(yè)界之間應(yīng)密切聯(lián)系,保持專業(yè)理論知識(shí)和商業(yè)實(shí)踐之間的平衡。

    獲得EQUIS認(rèn)證的商學(xué)院不僅要展示他們?cè)诨顒?dòng)各方面的高質(zhì)量,還要表現(xiàn)出高度的國(guó)際化,必須與企業(yè)界緊密互動(dòng),從而在出色的學(xué)術(shù)質(zhì)量與專業(yè)實(shí)用性間實(shí)現(xiàn)平衡。全球范圍內(nèi)僅有1%的商學(xué)院獲得了EQUIS認(rèn)證。

    AMBA認(rèn)證

    AMBA于1967年在英國(guó)成立,是專門從事MBA質(zhì)量認(rèn)證的獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)。AMBA認(rèn)證僅針對(duì)被認(rèn)證高等管理教育機(jī)構(gòu)所提供的MBA學(xué)位。

    AMBA認(rèn)證重點(diǎn)關(guān)注商務(wù)和管理實(shí)踐。AMBA認(rèn)證注重體現(xiàn)商務(wù)和管理實(shí)踐的發(fā)展。其認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:高等管理教育機(jī)構(gòu)整個(gè)MBA項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量、機(jī)構(gòu)能否獨(dú)立自主地頒授學(xué)位、個(gè)人及MBA畢業(yè)生雇主是否認(rèn)同國(guó)際MBA認(rèn)證體系。

    AMBA的國(guó)際認(rèn)證是學(xué)院躋身國(guó)際高等商科教育的舞臺(tái),成為國(guó)際知名商學(xué)院的通行證。全球范圍內(nèi)僅有2%的商學(xué)院獲得了AMBA認(rèn)證。

    ●AACSB和EQUIS評(píng)估對(duì)象為商學(xué)院;

    ●AMBA評(píng)估對(duì)象為MBA學(xué)位。

    獲得國(guó)際三大認(rèn)證是什么水平?

    我國(guó)大陸地區(qū)MBA院??偣彩?78所,同時(shí)獲得國(guó)際三項(xiàng)認(rèn)證的院校,只有12所,占比僅為4.3%

    國(guó)際MBA院校13000+,獲得三項(xiàng)權(quán)威商學(xué)認(rèn)證的只有110+,不到10%。

    國(guó)際三大認(rèn)證是MBA項(xiàng)目辦學(xué)水平的最好說(shuō)明,是MBA學(xué)位含金量的體現(xiàn),也是MBA畢業(yè)生質(zhì)量的一種保證。


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    剛剛!上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)CMA方向班靠譜嗎?一文了解詳情!
    2024-06-17 19:26:49 177 瀏覽

    CMA是美國(guó)注冊(cè)管理會(huì)計(jì)師,是美國(guó)注冊(cè)管理會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)(Institute of Management Accountants,IMA)創(chuàng)立,美國(guó)注冊(cè)管理會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)已有103年的歷史,是美國(guó)最大的會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)之一。相對(duì)而言含金量肯定是非常之重的,那么作為含金量較高的一張證書(shū),我們一起來(lái)了解一下。

    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)基本介紹

    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)創(chuàng)建于1960年,譽(yù)為“中國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)人才的搖籃”。

    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)

    成為碩士學(xué)位授予單位,劃歸上海市人民政府管理,入選世界首批、中國(guó)首家世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)講席,更名為上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué);獲批WTO亞太培訓(xùn)中心,成為WTO在中國(guó)內(nèi)地設(shè)立的唯一區(qū)域培訓(xùn)合作伙伴。

    獲批博士學(xué)位授予單位;躋身上海市重點(diǎn)建設(shè)的高水平地方高校。

    2024年 cma考試各個(gè)考生類型要求

    在職考生

    在職考生是指有志于從事會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)領(lǐng)域相關(guān)工作的人士,無(wú)論是財(cái)務(wù)人員還是非財(cái)務(wù)人員只要想要升職加薪、拓寬知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)、提高個(gè)人能力都可以報(bào)名參加考試。

    學(xué)生考生

    學(xué)生考生是針對(duì)在讀全日制大專及以上學(xué)歷的學(xué)生,持有有效的學(xué)生證,每個(gè)學(xué)期至少修滿6個(gè)學(xué)分,即可按學(xué)生身份注冊(cè)報(bào)考,請(qǐng)確保填寫個(gè)人手機(jī)號(hào)碼和有效的個(gè)人郵箱地址,并隨時(shí)更新聯(lián)系信息以免影響學(xué)生考生資格。

    教師考生

    教師考生是專門開(kāi)放給連續(xù)全職教授兩年且教授課程至少60%為入門級(jí)以上的會(huì)計(jì)和企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理類課程的高校全職教師,符合條件的教師可以在首次注冊(cè)報(bào)考時(shí)直接按教師考生身份報(bào)名。

    2024年11月 cma考試報(bào)名條件

    想要參加2024年11月 cma考試的考生可以在報(bào)考階段進(jìn)行注冊(cè)繳費(fèi)和考位預(yù)約,預(yù)約成功即報(bào)名成功,雖然報(bào)名條件沒(méi)有要求但是取證有一定的要求證書(shū)考取要求是需要考生在7年內(nèi)完成兩門科目考試、學(xué)歷和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的認(rèn)證所以考生可以先參加考試,后進(jìn)行認(rèn)證,也可以先認(rèn)證后考試。

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    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)CMA實(shí)驗(yàn)班值不值!
    2024-06-17 19:55:52 192 瀏覽

    CMA證書(shū)在國(guó)內(nèi)的認(rèn)可度已經(jīng)越來(lái)越高,很多財(cái)會(huì)領(lǐng)域的人可能都聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這個(gè)證書(shū),國(guó)內(nèi)很多高校也開(kāi)設(shè)了CMA方向班,今天,我們就一起來(lái)了解一下CMA專業(yè)。

    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)基本介紹

    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)創(chuàng)建于1960年,譽(yù)為“中國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)人才的搖籃”。

    上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)

    成為碩士學(xué)位授予單位,劃歸上海市人民政府管理,入選世界首批、中國(guó)首家世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)講席,更名為上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué);獲批WTO亞太培訓(xùn)中心,成為WTO在中國(guó)內(nèi)地設(shè)立的唯一區(qū)域培訓(xùn)合作伙伴。

    獲批博士學(xué)位授予單位;躋身上海市重點(diǎn)建設(shè)的高水平地方高校。

    第七步:注冊(cè)考試和支付費(fèi)用

    如果您想首先參加第二部分考試可以點(diǎn)擊頁(yè)面左上角的“跳過(guò)”,添加第二部分考試費(fèi)用,檢查購(gòu)物車內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品,并進(jìn)行必要的修改,確認(rèn)無(wú)誤后點(diǎn)擊“結(jié)賬”。

    注意事項(xiàng)

    準(zhǔn)考證打印份數(shù):備考一科的考生至少需要打印一份準(zhǔn)考證,備考雙科的考生需要打印兩份準(zhǔn)考證,一份用于P1科目,一份用于P2科目,

    點(diǎn)擊下載無(wú)反應(yīng):如果點(diǎn)擊下載后沒(méi)有反應(yīng),可能是瀏覽器攔截了下載窗口,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S瀏覽器彈出窗口,

    準(zhǔn)考證不能截屏打?。?/strong>為了保證準(zhǔn)考證的準(zhǔn)確性必須將整個(gè)頁(yè)面打印下來(lái),而不能進(jìn)行截屏打印,

    準(zhǔn)考證身份信息不一致:考生在打印準(zhǔn)考證前必須核對(duì)姓名、考試地址、照片信息的準(zhǔn)確性,如發(fā)現(xiàn)有誤需要立即聯(lián)系普爾文中國(guó)客服中心尋求幫助,

    準(zhǔn)考證遺忘:參加考試必須攜帶有效期內(nèi)的個(gè)人身份證件、紙質(zhì)版準(zhǔn)考證和健康承諾書(shū),任何一項(xiàng)缺失或不滿足要求都不能參加考試,

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